1. Organic Molecules

2. Atoms Identify an Element
Negative
Atom - smallest particle of an element
basic building blocks molecules

3. What’s an organic molecule??
Molecules made up of carbon atoms !!!!!

4. Carbon – The Atom of All Organisms
Carbon atoms are unique in that they can bond together and create large polymers or macromolecules
Single Bond-
Double Bond
Triple Bond

5. What’s a polymer? Polymers – Many Monomers
A monomer is a single unit such as this link in the entire chain.

6. Now, we will look at a few organic molecules and their functions
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

7. Carbohydrates – C, H and O

8. Glucose and fructose are simple sugars called a monosaccharide – Both have the chemical formula C6H12O6
A disaccharide, such as sucrose, contain 2 sugar monomers and a polysaccharide contain numerous…….Below is the polymer starch which is also a polysaccharide! What is the monomer??

9. Starch is a chain of hundreds of glucose monomers bonded together…
Starch is a chain of hundreds of glucose monomers bonded together….. Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) as well as tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.

10. Glycogen in Animals
**A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers
** Stored in the Liver and muscle of mammals
**Long-term energy storage
** Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy

11. Cellulose - Storage in Plants
** Polymer of Glucose
** Stored in Plant cells walls
**Offers the plant support
** Energy storage
** Makes up cell wall
** Food source for seeds and plant bulbs

12. The differences in structures of carbohydrates – but remember all are glucose polymers!!!

13. Lipids – C,H very little O

14. Fats
Only Carbon-Carbon single Bonds
Has Carbon-Carbon double Bonds

15. Remember the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer!!!
Semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell.

16. Steroids One example is cholesterol
Most of the cholesterol in our bodies is produced in the liver, though some of it comes from the foods we eat.
The body needs some cholesterol
important to the body's cell membranes
the production of certain hormones
helps act as insulation for your nerves.

17. Proteins – C,H,O,N sometimes sulfur

18. ** The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids.
**Remember protein synthesis????
**A peptide bond bonds amino acids together
**Creates a polypeptide

19. Insulin Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas
Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles
Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

20. Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

21. Enzymes
Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below)
Re-usable
Molecule specific – like a lock and key
-Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It will NEVER break down proteins

22. ***** Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!!
Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme??
Specific Enzyme
Protein
Starch
Active Site
Simple useable sugars (product)
Lipid
***** Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!!

23. Enzymes are affected by:

24. pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity
This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic
Rate of Reaction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH scale

25. Nucleic Acids – A Polymer of Nucleotides

26. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) are Made up of monomers or subunits called nucleotides

27. RNA DNA Single-Stranded
Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)
Remember NO Thymine (T)
Ribose sugar
Double-Stranded double helix
Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)
Remember NO Uracil (U)
Deoxy-ribose sugar

28. Remember How These Molecules are Involved in Protein Synthesis??

29. Your Turn…. Complete the table of organic molecules
Use the handout and this PowerPoint to guide you
Cut out the illustrations and paste them in the appropriate place!