1. The Building of European Supremacy
PSIR205
The Building of European Supremacy

2. The growth of industrialism
Increasing productivity capacity
Modern nation-states emerge, with centralized bureaucracies, large electorates, and competing political parties
Big corporations appeared
Labour was organized under trade unions
Predominance of urban life
Socialism mobilized the working force and masseses

3. Population and Migration
Sudden increase in Europe’s population
Migration started from rural areas to cities due to the removal of legal hindrances for peasants, developments in transportation, availability of cheap land and good wages.
Around 50 million emigrated from Europe between 1850 and 1930s to United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, or Argentina
People mostly moved from Scandinavia (Norway in particular), Ireland, Germany. Towards the end of 19th century, southern and eastern Europeans left the continent.

4. The Second Industrial Revolution
First industrial revolution: textiles, iron, and applications of steam power
Second industrial revolution: production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil
NEW INDUSTRIES: Cheap steel production; growing of chemical industry in Germany (industry and research collaboration), electricity, invention of the internal combustion engine and of the automobile (Daimler)
BIG COMPANIES: Standard Oil of the United States, British Shell Oil, and Royal Dutch

5. Industrialization and economic difficulties
Migration from rural areas
Banking crises of 1873
Still, living standards increased in Europe
Workers continued to live in not good conditions
Unemployment increased
Trade unions and socialist parties emerged
Consumer demand boosted the economy: food prices got cheaper, enabling people to spend more on other consumer goods
Urbanization created new markets
New business strategies were developed: department stores, chain stores, packaging, etc..)

6. MIDDLE CLASSES
The middle class was the largest consumer group, and it set the standards of the taste and values
The London Great Exhibition of 1851 was a manifestation of the material comfort provided by industrial revolution

7. The London Great Exhibition of 1851

9. Social Distinctions within Middle Classes
Wealthy business men
Small entrepreneurs and professionals
White collar workers, or petite bourgeoisie (non-manual workers)
Shop-keepers were not happy with the idea of competing with department stores
There was an increased supply of professionals, which meant that skilled jobs were also highly competitive

10. LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY URBAN LIFE
Massive urban growth
Migration of peasants from tradition social support systems to poor housing
Anonymity, and unemployment
Problems arose among different ethnic groups
Relocation of Russian Jews in Western Europe led to anti-Semitism

11. The redesign of cities
Migration to urban areas required important changes in the city
Most European cities were redesigned
Residents of cities moved to the peripheries, and the city centre was redesigned for new buildings including governmental and business offices, as well as theatres

12. The new Paris George Haussmann was appointed by Napoleon III
Whole districts were destroyed, eliminating narrow roads that rioters build barricades.
Rebuilding of Paris also created many public jobs

16. The new Paris after Haussmann

17. Urban Sanitation Impact of Cholera: Public health was improved
Expanded Government Involvement in Public Health
New Water and Sewer Systems:

18. Housing reform and Middle-Class Values
Housing reform was proposed as a solution to medical, moral, and political problems
Descent housing: good family life, and healthy, moral, happy, and stable political communities

19. Industrialization and Women
Social disabilities of Women:
Property
Family Law
Educational Barriers
New Employment Patterns:
New jobs: elementary school teachers, secretaries, low skilled jobs
Withdrawal from the labour force:
this was mostly due to marriage, and the husbands also started earn better wages

20. Jewish Emancipation
Jews started obtain citizenship in most of Europe after the French Revolution, except in Russia
In Russia, Jews encountered many social restrictions. They needed a special passport, banned from state service, and may Jews were not accepted to the higher education. Pogroms, organized by society together with the Police force, aimed at intimidating Jewish communities.
Many Jews fled from Russia
From expanded political rights to anti-Semitism during the late 19th century

21. LABOR, SOCIALISM, AND POLITICS
From street riots to institutionalization: Labour established trade unions, political parties, and attached to socialist ideology
Trade Unionism:
Recognition of workers right to organize
Democracy and Political Parties:
Extension of suffrage in Europe, except Russia led to a change in the strategies of the working class

22. Marx and First International
Establishment of the International Working Men’s Association (First International) in 1864
Marx approved collaboration with the capitalist system in his address
Trade unions’ activities were banned in France after 1871, following Paris Commune experience
First International was dissolved in 1873

23. Great Britain: Fabianism and Welfare Programs
Trade unions supported Liberal Parties in Great Britain.
Fabian Society was founded in It was the most powerful socialist organization. It adopted reformism, as opposed to a revolutionary strategy for social change.
First proto-welfare programs were adopted by David Lloyd George government

24. France: opportunism rejected
French socialists refused to work with the government. They called this act as opportunism, a label given to Alexander Millerand who accepted to work in the French cabinet.
The Second International ordered France to form a single party, which would be found by 1914.
Trade unions avoided political action, as they considered themselves alternative to political parties. They preferred general strikes. Trade unions’ ideology was shaped by George Sorel.

25. Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism
The first universal welfare programs were implemented by Bismarck during 1880s.
Erfurt Program: German Social Democratic Party took a harsh stand against cooperation with German Empire. Karl Kautsky and Bebel, who formulated the program, preserved the belief in end of capitalism. But, they aimed to achieve this via political participation
Eduard Bernstein developed a social democratic critique of Marx. In contrast to the expansion of the proletariat, as Marx predicted, middle class enlarged. Extension of the franchise also made the revolution redundant.
SPD grew rapidly in terms of its membership and electoral gains.

26. Russia: Industrial Revolution and Bolshevism
Nicholas II initiated modernization in Russia.
Industrialism created social discontent.
Emancipation of the serfs failed to boost agricultural productivity
Mir (or village) and kulaks
Establishment of the Social Revolutionary Party, the Liberal Constitutional Democratic Party, and a Socialist Democratic Party

27. Lenin He was exiled and spent seventeen years in Switzerland.
He was a member of Social Democrats.
Revolution by a Vanguard party
1903 London Congress of the Social Democrats and their split into two: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
The revolution of 1905: Establishment of Duma