1. Cell Structure & Function

2. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

3. Cells are small so they can exchange materials with their surroundings.

4. Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

5. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

6. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

7. Living cells classified into 2 different types based on internal structure
Prokaryotic cells – little defined internal structure. Lack a clearly defined structure to house their DNA. Organisms made up of prokaryotic cells are called Prokaryotes (all bacteria, all archaeans)
Eukaryotic cells – more complex structure. Contain many different kinds of membrane-bound structures called organelles suspended in cytosol.

8. Types of Cells

9. REVIEW
What are the main differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
List one key point from the cell theory
What is the definition of a cell?
Why does a small cell have more surface area to volume?

10. Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures
One-celled organisms, Bacteria

11. Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells include the bacteria and archaea.
Bacterial cells have these constant features:
Outer Boundary: Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm: Ribosomes
Thylakoids (Cyanobacteria)
Many enzymes
Nucleoid: Chromosome (DNA only)

12. Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that controls the workings of the cell.
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane made of phospholipids and proteins.

13. Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms
Plant
Animal

14. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Inside the plasma membrane, the nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid medium.
Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to the plasma membrane.
Primary cell walls are made from cellulose. The secondary cell wall, which forms inside the primary wall, is formed from lignin. Its purpose is to give strength to the cell.
Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid medium.
Primary cell walls are made from cellulose. The secondary cell wall, which forms inside the primary wall, is formed from lignin. Its purpose is to give strength to the cell.

15. REVIEW List one main difference between plant and animal cells
Do plant and animal cells have organelles?
What is the function of organelles?

16. Animal cell anatomy

17. “Typical” Animal Cell

18. Plant cell anatomy

19. “Typical” Plant Cell

20. REVIEW
What are the main similarities and differences between plant and animal cells?

21. Cell Parts
Organelles

22. Animal and plant cells have organelles.
Organelles compartmentalize functions within the cell.
The organelles of animal and plant cells are similar to each other except that centrioles are present only in animal cells, and chloroplasts are present only in plant cells.

23. Surrounding the Cell

24. Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
Double layer

25. Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria
Supports & protects cells

26. REVIEW Which structure surrounds a cell?
Briefly outline the cell theory

27. Inside the Cell

28. Nucleus Directs cell activities
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Contains genetic material - DNA

29. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers
Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

30. Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA
Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

31. Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Contains RNA to build proteins

32. Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains hereditary material

33. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves materials around in cell
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

34. Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins
Found on rough endoplasmic reticulum & floating throughout the cell

35. Mitochondria
Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

36. Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell
Move materials out of the cell

37. Cilia and flagella Cilia and flagella - 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules
Involved in movement (cell, eggs, debris)
Each cilium and flagellum has a basal body at its base.
Basal bodies have the same microtubule arrangement as centrioles and are believed to be derived from them. The basal body initiates polymerization of the nine outer doublets of a cilium or flagellum.

38. Structure of a flagellum or cilium

39. Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

40. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Contains water solution
Help plants maintain shape

41. Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place

42. REVIEW List 5 structures within a cell What do golgi do?
What does the mitochondria do?
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
What is the function of the nucleus?
What does the nuclear membrane allow to happen?
What is the function of the nucleolus?
What is the function of the lysosome?
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Why don’t animal cells contain chloroplasts?