1. Plant Propagation

2. Purposes of Plant Propagation? • Multiply the number of a species
• Perpetuate a species
• Maintain the youthfulness of a plant
Neil Barry

3. Introduction What is plant propagation?
The reproduction or increasing in number of plants.
Can be done in one of two ways….
Sexual.
Asexual.

4. Types of Propagation • Sexual (seed)
– Involves floral parts of the plant
– Union of pollen and egg
• Asexual (vegetative)
– Regenerate part of a parent plant into a new
plant
– Genetically identical to its one parent
– Involves stems, roots, leaves or cells

5. Sexual or Seed Propagation

6. Sexual Propagation
The propagation or reproducing of plants from seeds.

7. Advantages of sexual reproduction?
Genetic variation – resistance, adapt to different environments,
Cheap
Easily transported
Potential long storage
Seeds carry few diseases
Vigorous growth of new plants

8. Disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Variation in progeny - won’t come true from parent
Long juvenility periods
Some plants produce no or little seeds
Some plants are difficult to germinate
Seed grown fruit trees can have undesirable growth habits

9. Sexual Propagation
Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma.
Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.
Video clip – 2 minutes

11. Parts of the Seed

12. Parts of the Seed Seeds are made up of 3 main parts…. Seed Coat.
Endosperm.
Embryonic Plant.

13. Bean Seed Anatomy
Radicle
Plumule
Micropyle
Hilum
Cotyledon
Testa

14. Parts of a seed: Embryo – small immature plant, which consists of:
Radicle – forms the root
Plumule – forms the shoot
Hypocotyl – embryonic shoot below the cotyledon Epicotyl - embryonic shoot above the cotyledon Cotyledon(s)# – food store for the embryo
Testa – outer seed coat that protects the embryo
Micropyle – weakness in the testa –where pollen tube entered – we will see it’s importance later
Hilum – point of attachment to the fruit/pod etc
#Also called endosperm/seed leaves – monocots have one…..dicots have?
Neil Barry

15. Plants commonly grown from seed:
Daucus carota
Phaseolus vulgaris
Solanum lycopersocon
Lobelia erinus
Nigella damascena
Lolium perenne

16. Planting Seeds Planting depth depends on the size of the seeds.
The larger the seed, the deeper it is planted.
Example: Petunia seeds are planted shallower than beans, tomatoes, or marigolds because they are the smallest.
Small seeds should be watered by bottom soaking.

17. Planting Seeds
Seeds are directly seeded when they are planted in the soil where they will grow to a saleable size.
Germination flats are used if they are to be transplanted at a later time.
When reusing germination flats, be sure to sterilize the flats and soil.

18. Germination Germination rate is the % that sprout. Rates affected by….
Example: 75 out of 100 = 75%
Rates affected by….
Seed viability.
Temperature.
Moisture.
Type of plant.
Quality of seed.

19. Germination

20. Transplanting Seedlings
Seedlings are the small plants.
Transplant when first true leaves appear
Held by the true leaves rather than the stems to prevent stem bruising which will kill the plant.

21. Hardening Off
The reducing of humidity and water to make the environment more like the outside.

22. Advantages of Sexual Propagation
Fast way to get many plants.
Easy to do.
Economical.

23. Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation
Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents.
Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds.

24. Asexual Propagation

25. Asexual Propagation
The use of growing parts other than seeds to reproduce plants.
The types are….
Cuttings
Layering
Division/Separation
Budding
Grafting
Tissue Culture

26. Rooting from Cuttings Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep.
Best time of day to take cuttings is early morning because plants have more moisture.

27. Rooting from Cuttings The three main types of cuttings are…. Stem Leaf

28. Stem Cuttings The taking of a piece of stem to reproduce plants.
Use a rooting hormone with fungicide to….
Speed up root development.
Prevent root rot.

29. Leaf Cuttings
The use of leaves and sections of leaves to reproduce plants.
Done from herbaceous plants.
Veins must be cut!!!

30. Root Cuttings The use of roots to reproduce plants.
Should be spaced 3 inches apart in the rooting area.

31. Layering
The rooting of plant parts while they are still attached to the “parent” plant.
The types are….
Air Layering.
Trench Layering.
Mound Layering.

32. Air Layering Also called Chinese propagation.
Area of plant is girdled and surrounded by a moist growing medium that is sealed in polyethylene film.

33. Trench Layering Mother plant is bent to the ground and buried.
Plants form at each node on covered stem.

34. Mound Layering Rooted plant is cut off at the soil level.
As the season progresses, soil is added to cover the growing shoots.
After 1 year, the shoots are rooted and removed from the parent plant.

35. Division & Separation Cutting or pulling apart of…. Bulbs Corms
Rhizomes
Tubers
Runners
Stolens
Suckers

36. Grafting
Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant.
Scion
Piece of plant at the top of the graft.
Rootstock
The piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft.

37. Grafting Methods Scion & rootstock are the same size: Wedge Splice
Whip & tongue
Approach

38. Grafting Methods splice graft wedge graft approach graft
whip & tongue graft
approach graft

39. Grafting Methods Scion is smaller than the rootstock: Cleft. Side.
Notch.
Bark inlay.

40. Grafting Methods
side graft
cleft graft
notch graft
bark inlay graft

41. Budding A form of grafting when a bud is used.
Faster or quicker than grafting.
The 3 main methods are….
Patch budding.
T-budding.
Chip budding.

42. Patch Budding

43. T-Budding

44. Chip Budding

45. Tissue Culture Must have a sterile environment.
Get the most plants in a short time.
True to parent plants.

46. Advantages to Asexual Propagation
Plants mature in shorter time.
Some plants do not produce viable seeds.
New plants are same as parent plant.

47. Disadvantages to Asexual Propagation
Some methods require special equipment & skills….
Such as grafting.
Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source.
Some plants are patented….
Making propagation illegal.

48. Biotechnology in Horticulture

49. What is Biotechnology?
The use of cells or components (parts) of cells to produce or processes.

50. Methods of Biotechnology
Tissue Culture
Also called micropropagation.
Uses the terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrient-growing media to produce thousands of identical plants.

51. Methods of Biotechnology
Cloning
Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue.

52. Methods of Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up.

53. Benefits of Biotechnology
Produce many identical plants in a short time.
Increase disease and insect resistance.
Increase tolerance to heat or cold.
Increase weed tolerance.
Increase tolerance to drought.
Improve environment.
Increase production.
Other genetic changes.