1. MAV Mark What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants?
What do they transport?

2. Mav Mark What are three functions of stems?
2. What are three functions of roots?

3. Mav Mark 1. What are three functions of stems?
2. What are three functions of roots?

4. Mav Mark
Why do trees lose leaves in the fall?

5. MAV Mark What are three responses that plants have?
Give an example of each

6. Seed Plants

7. 1. A seed plant Has vascular tissue
Sexually reproduces with pollen and egg to form a seed

8. 2. The two types of vascular tissue are
Phloem transports food
Xylem transports water and minerals

9. 3. Seed plants Do not need water for fertilization
Produce sperm cells inside the pollen
Produce seeds after the pollen fertilizes the eggs

10. 4. Inside the seed There is a partially developed plant
There are three parts
Embryo (develops from the zygote)
Stored food (feeds embryo for many years)
Seed coat (outer covering of the seed)

11. 5. Seeds can be dispersed by
Animals that eat fruits and deposit them somewhere else
Hooks or barbs that stick to animals and fall off
Water
Wind

12. 6. Germination Occurs when a seed starts to grow into a new plant
It needs
Temperature
Water
Sunlight
Soil

13. 7. Roots anchor a plant into the ground
Two types of roots are
Fibrous roots
Taproots
A root cap has many dividing cells and it covers the tip of the root

14. 8. Stems carry substances between the roots and leaves
Stems can be:
Herbaceous (no wood, very soft)
Woody
Bark is the outer covering of a stem
Annual rings form each year
Can help determine a trees age

15. 9. Leaves carry out photosynthesis
The stomata is an opening in the leaf that opens and closes to let gases in and out
Carbon dioxide goes in
Oxygen goes out
Transpiration is how plants lose water through the leaves
Large leaves lose more water than needles

17. Plant Growth and Responses

18. 1. A plant’s response to a stimulus is called a tropism.
Negative tropism is when a plant grows away from the stimulus
Positive tropism is when the plant grows toward the stimulus
Stimuli that plants respond to are:
Touch
Light
Gravity

19. 2. Vines respond to the stimulus of touch.
As vines grow, they coil around the object they are touching. This is a positive tropism.

20. 2. Leaves, stems and flowers respond to light.
Plants that grow toward the light show positive tropisms

21. 3. Plants respond to gravity
The roots show positive tropism by growing downward
The stems show negative tropism by growing upward

22. 5. Plants produce hormones
A hormone is a chemical that affects how the plant grows
Auxin is a hormone that helps a plant’s cells grow
Hormones affect germination, fertilization, and fruit and flower development

23. 6. Plants also respond to seasonal changes
A plant’s response to a change in the length of day or night is called photoperiodism
Short-day plants flower when the day is short and the night is long (winter)
Long-day plants flower when the day is long and the night is short (summer)
Day-neutral plants are not sensitive to day / night length

24. 7. Dormancy is a period of rest
Dormancy helps plants to survive freezing temperatures or lack of drinking water

25. 8. Angiosperms are classified three ways.
Annuals have herbaceous stems and complete their life cycle in one growing season (marigolds, petunias, wheat, cucumbers)
Biennials complete their life cycle in two years. The first year the plant grows, the second year the plant produces seeds
Perennials are flowering plants that live more than two years. Most have woody stems (maple trees)