Take out a piece of paper

Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves

Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors? Whether you like Disney movies how long ago you watched the movie how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
Recall v. Recognition With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests). With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests). Which is easier?

As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is…….
Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. So what was the point of the seven dwarves exercise?

The Memory process Encoding Storage Retrieval

Encoding The processing of information into the memory system.
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

Reasons for Encoding Take information from… Sensory Memory
Working Memory Long-Term Memory

Types of Memory Sensory Memory: Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

Sensory Memory The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed. Examples: You lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register. Your ability to see motion can be attributed to sensory memory. An image previously seen must be stored long enough to compare to the new image. Visual processing in the brain works like watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a time. If someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively unprocessed sensory memory.

The First Stage: Sensory Memory
On the next slide, you will see a series of letters for one second Try to remember as many letters as you can Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The First Stage: Sensory Memory
How many can you recall? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Sensory Stores Visual Stimulation – Iconic Memory Auditory Stimulation – Echoic Memory Tactile Stimulation – Tactile Memory Olfactory (Smell) Stimulation – Olfactory Memory Gustatory (Taste) Stimulation – Gustatory Memory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Storage The retention of encoded material over time.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party. Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

Short-Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly.
Seven digits (plus or minus two). The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. How do you store things from short-term to long-term? You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory. Rehearsal

Working Memory (Modern day STM)
Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory. Working-Memory has three parts: Audio Visual Integration of audio and visual (controls where your attention lies)

Memory Quiz Ready…..

Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically. Chunk- from Goonies Do these numbers mean anything to you? 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

Tricks to Encode Use imagery: mental pictures
Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like…. "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Give me some more examples…. Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

Working Memory Maintenance rehearsal – Process in which information is repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory Elaborative rehearsal – Process in which information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM Acoustic encoding – Conversion of information to sound patterns in working memory

Working Memory, Cont’d Levels-of-processing theory – Explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful terms in LTM will be better remembered

Long-Term Memory The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Long-term memory Declarative memory Procedural memory Procedural Memory Includes memory for: motor skills, operant and classical conditioning Semantic memory Includes memory for: language, facts general knowledge Episodic memory Includes memory for: events, personal experiences Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Two ways to encode information
Automatic Processing Effortful Processing

Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
You encode space, time and word meaning without effort. Things can become automatic with practice. For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.

Effortful Processing Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

The Hippocampus Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
Left = Verbal Right = Visual and Locations The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.

The Amygdala Found next to the Hippocampus
Responsible for strengthening emotional memories

The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory
Engram – The physical trace of memory Anterograde amnesia – Inability to form memories for new information Retrograde amnesia – Inability to remember information previously stored in memory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory
Consolidation – The process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Flashbulb Memory A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event. Where were you when? 1. You heard about 9/11 2. You heard about the death of a family member 3. During the OJ chase

Things to remember about Encoding
The next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next. Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered. Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

Retrieval The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure). Finding your document and opening it up.

How Do We Retrieve Memories?
Implicit memory – Memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness Explicit memory – Memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled

Retrieval Cues Things that help us remember.
We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information.

PRIMING EFFECT Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it. For the most part, the priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect basically consists of repetition priming and semantic priming.

Repetition Priming 1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.

Semantic Priming 2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.

Priming Exercise 2

Context Effects It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something. If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.

Déjà Vu That eerie sense that you have experienced something before.
What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one- your mind gets confused. Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?

Mood-Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from your past. Moods also effect that way you interpret other peoples behavior

Other Factors Affecting Retrieval
Encoding specificity principle – The more closely the retrieval clues match the form in which the information was encoded, the better the information will be remembered TOT (tip of the tongue) phenomenon – The inability to recall a word, while knowing that it is in memory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Forgetting

Encoding Failure

Encoding Failure We fail to encode the information. It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

Test Your Memory Which is the real penny?

Transience The impermanence of a long-term memory; based on the idea that long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time Forgetting curve – A graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive Interference The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.

Take out a piece of paper and….
List the U.S. Presidents

The Presidents Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower J.Adams Fillmore
Cleveland Kennedy Jefferson Pierce McKinley L.Johnson Madison Buchanan T.Roosevelt Nixon Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford JQ Adams A.Johnson Wilson Carter Jackson Grant Harding Reagan Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush Garfield Hoover Clinton Tyler Arthur FD.Roosevelt Bush Jr. Polk Truman Dean

Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Presidents Recalled If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

Suggestibility Process of memory distortion as a result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion Misinformation effect – The distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitnesses:
Recollections are less influenced by leading questions if possibility of memory bias is forewarned Passage of time leads to increase in misremembering information Age of the witness matters Confidence in memory is not a sign of accuracy Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Bias An attitude, belief, emotion, or experience that distorts memories Expectancy bias – A tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one’s expectations Self-consistency bias – Idea that we are more consistent than we actually are Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Advantages of the “Seven Sins” of Memory
Despite the grief they cause us, the “seven sins” may actually be by-products of adaptive features of memory For example, absent-mindedness is the by-product of the useful ability to shift our attention Misattributions, biases, and suggestibility result from a memory system built to deal with meaning Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Improving Memory with Mnemonics
Mnemonics – Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory Mnemonic strategies include Method of loci Natural language mediators Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

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