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AP EURO Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation Lesson #7a English Reformation
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Essential questions Why did Henry VIII break with Rome and start the Church of England? Why was Henry VIII so desperate for sons? How was the English Reformation so different than the German (Luther) Reformation? What problems did Luther’s Reformation cause in, and outside the Empire? What resulted from the English Reformation?
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Henry VII HENRY TUDOR Wars of the Roses – needed to legitimize line Married Elizabeth of York Austere - Crown was broke Four kids – married into monarch families Margaret – Scotland (prevent invasion) Arthur – Spain ($$ and power) – Catherine of Aragon Mary – nobility (nobility) Henry – same as Arthur
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York vs. Lancaster (Wars of the Roses)
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Motivations for Henry Why did he have to have a son?
(we learned this from Giovani Arnolfini) Why did he have to have a SECOND son? How will having two sons contribute to the stability of England? How did the way his dad became king affect his actions when he became king?
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Catherine of Aragon Daughter to Ferdinand and Isabella
Married to Arthur He died, she lived Betrothed the Henry He was 11, she was 18 Wedding was 6 years later Pope gave special dispensation to marry his SIL Henry had always wanted her
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WHY WAS CATHERINE OF ARAGON UNFIT FOR HENRY VIII?
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Henry the warrior Henry VIII – vision of a glorious warrior
Expanded Navy Planned to invade France Alliances with Spain and HRE (1510) Alliance with Pope Julius II – Anti-Fr. Holy League Invaded France (1513) – Battle of Spurs Henry personally led troops Won some battles and French land Julius died (1513) – Leo recalled troops Louis just went home 6m
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Why did Henry want to win glorious battles?
WHAT KIND OF PERSON WAS HE?
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HOW DO YOU THINK HENRY VIII FELT ABOUT THE GERMAN REFORMATMION?
NEW SUBJECT… HOW DO YOU THINK HENRY VIII FELT ABOUT THE GERMAN REFORMATMION? WHY?
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Defense of the Seven Sacraments
(by HENRY VIII, 1521) "I hope I have made clear how rashly [Luther] calumniates (making false and defamatory statements) the Church, and how impertinent, how impious, and how absurd he is against the holy Fathers; against Scriptures; against the public faith of the Church; against the consent of so many ages and people; even against common sense itself.“ This led to a grateful Pope granting Henry the titles DEFENDER OF THE FAITH Summarize how Henry feels about Luther in a few words Why will the Pope appreciate this sort of decisive support from a King?
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HOW DO YOU THINK HENRY VIII FELT ABOUT THIS TITLE FROM THE POPE?
HOW DOES THIS ACOLADE FROM THE POPE FIT RIGHT INTO HENRY’S PERSONALITY?
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THINGS WILL SOON CHANGE
(Henry will come to regret those words) AS HENRY AND HIS WIFE, CATHERINE GROW OLDER, WHAT WILL BECOME HIS CONCERN… THEN AN OBSESSION…?
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Second half of monarchy
Henry was still “a catch.” But, as Catherine grew old, and her body became exhausted with failed pregnancies… Henry VIII became obsessed with having sons “The King’s Great Matter” ( ) Married 14 years to Catherine (9 yrs. Betrothed) Had a cute relationship – romantic He did have affairs Mary Bollen (sister to Anne Boleyn) Bessy Blount – had a son (Henry Fitzroy) 3m
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Divorce from Catherine
Catherine had several failed pregnancies 1510 – still born 1511 – Henry (survived 2mo.) 1514 – miscarriage 1516 – MARY 1519 – still born (body now exhausted) Almost 40 years old Final pregnancy produced Mary Henry needed sons – requested divorce (1527) (42) Pope refused
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Henry desperate for legitimate son
Catherine was done with kids (too old) Mary Bollen – had a son and daughter Anne refused to have an affair Pope refused to grant a divorce
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Henry’s options in 1522 Marry off Mary – hope she’d have a son
But, she was young – only 11 Just declare Mary the next monarch But, England had no history of this Legitimize one of his sons Gave Henry Fitzroy title “Duke of Richmond” Not accepted by other royals Find a new wife
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WHAT’S HENRY’S BEST OPTION?
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Henry was refused an annulment
Usually only granted with a lack of consummation However… The Pope refused… REASONS: The Pope was under the “protection” of the HRE (HRE had captured the Papal States) Catherine was the aunt of the HRE The pope had already granted special dispensation
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Solution the The King’s Great Matter
Act of Supremacy Problems… Henry was a loyal Catholic “Defense of the Seven Sacraments Went to mass several times/day Would alienate England Would alienate the King from Catholics Including Thomas More
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Anne Boleyn Sister to Mary – Henry’s mistress (1521-1526)
Educated, sophisticated, French trained Henry expressed interest as early as 1525 Refused to be a mistress Intrigued the King Finally gave in Pregnant with Henry’s child when married Married Henry Jan 1533
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Act of Supremacy Anne gave birth to Eliz. In Sept.
Henry was still married to Catherine Four months later, marriage was annulled by Archbishop of Canterbury Parliament legislated Act in 1534 CHURCH OF ENGLAND was born
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The Church of England “Anglican” No doctrinal changes under Henry
Henry closed down monasteries Sold the land to supporters Executed all who opposed him Including Thomas More Wrote Six Articles
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IN WHAT WAYS WAS HENRY NOT AT ALL SELFISH WITH THIS MOVE?
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Life with Anne Henry passionately adored Anne Until…
She gave birth to a daughter Then… several miscarriages Final pregnancy miscarried in 1536 when Anne heard Henry had fallen off a horse Henry banished Anne Moved Jane Seymour in Anne arrested for treason and incest Executed 1536
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Jane Seymour Gave birth to a son Then died Henry heartbroken
Advisors recommended he marry again And from a Protestant region Cromwell found Anne of Cleves “no better than a Flanders mare”
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Anne of Cleves Henry married her sight unseen
At the wedding, he was unenthused She smelled She was unattractive She was not at all cute or sexy Henry was already eying up Catherine Howard He never consummated marriage to Anne Granted a divorce Anne given Anne Boleyn's family castle Cromwell decapitated, skull boiled, and impaled on London Bridge Anne remained friends with Henry
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Catherine Howard Young, cute, sexy and energetic
First cousin to Anne Boleyn – totally undisciplined Had affairs – aunt sent her to court Henry fell for her – ~19 (UNK) “pathetic infatuation (he was 50… and fat) “a rose without a thorn” Married Henry in a year Henry found a new youth… … then… she had another affair click
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Fate of Catherine Howard
Henry refused to believe Was given proof – and devastated Executed both men Culpepper (friend of Henry) beheaded Derehem – drawn and quartered Heads displayed at “traitors gate” to she could see them when she entered She was executed… was only 21
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Catherine Parr Sixth wife She was a widow She had no interest in him
The “most married queen in English history” Henry was 3rd of four husbands She had no interest in him She was to marry Thomas Seymour (Jane’s brother) Intelligent, kind, respectful, conversational Reconnected Henry to his daughters Act of Succession
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Henry VIII At this point – extremely fat (400#) – 54” waist
Open wound on leg Likely type II diabetes, and head wound Obesity and mood swings “Defender of the Faith” (1523) Defense of the Seven Sacraments (1521) Commissioned English Bible Closed monasteries (1536) Six Articles (1539) (supported Catholic doctrine)
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Six Wives of Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour
Mary Tudor Anne Boleyn Princes Elizabeth Jane Seymour Edward Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr DIVORCED Mary I BEHEADED Elizabeth I DIED Edward VI DIVORCED BEHEADED SURVIVED
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Issue of Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Grey Mary I Elizabeth I
Raised as a true Protestant Reformed the Church of England Died young Jane Grey Jane of Nine Days Mary I Bloody Mary Elizabeth I Queen Bess The Virgin Queen
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Edward VI 1547-1553 Book of Common Prayer (1549)
Dismantled images and altars Destroyed stained glass, shines, statues Vestments prohibited Clergy encouraged to marry Processions banned DOCTRINE BECAME PROTESTANT Justification by Faith Denied transubstantiation Supremacy of Scripture; reduced to two sacraments
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Mary I 1553-1558 Eliminated Jane Repealed Act of Supremacy
Restored the Church Reversed Edward’s changes Married Philip II of Spain 1554 (prince) Banned Protestants Killed 287 Protestants “Bloody Mary”
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Mary became queen when she was older
She was raised a Catholic When she became queen, she brought the Catholic Church back She married Philip of Spain She killed anyone who protested Protestants would later called her “BLOODY MARY” because she killed so many protestants She died after five years – no kids
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Elizabeth I 1558-1603 (45 years) Mom was Anne Boleyn
Elizabethan Settlement Act of Supremacy – 1559 Act of Uniformity – 1559 Return to Edward’s church Refused to marry Philip II Supported Dutch rebellion against Spanish control (7,000 English troops to Netherlands)
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Elizabeth I “Politique”: put political leadership in front of religious beliefs Tolerant of Puritans (purify the church) Repelled Spanish Armada (1588) Executed Mary, Queen of Scots
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