1. General Microbiology
Nickolas V. Kapp Ph.D

2. How to get a hold of Nick Office: 738-4415 E-mail: Kapp@smccd.net
FAX:
Office 7224
Office hours:M,W,F 9 to 11. TTh By Arrangement

3. The micro class We will normally have lecture from 9:35 till 10:50.
See Course Outline
Attendance and promptness will count towards your grade

4. What if I want to look at my plates at some other times?
Open Lab hours are
Mon and Wed 9 to 12
Friday 10-2
Check the notice on the lab door
Remember you are working with live organisms and they have their own time schedule. Someone from your lab group will have to check on your materials

5. Looking at plates during other classes
Mostly no
If you must make some observations during another lab class
Don’t bother a lecture in progress
Find the instructor and ask
Be prepared for a no
You are meeting a possible instructor for your next class

6. Materials required for this class.
Text, Totora, Funke and Case Microbiology: An Introduction, 10th ed.
Case and Johnson Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology 9th ed.
A lab coat or a large Lab shirt to cover yourself.
Safety Glasses
NO eating in the laboratory

7. As you can see
Sometimes there is a blur between what we do in lab and what we do in class.

8. Evaluation
See class outline

9. Grading Scale A 90% and above B 80%90% C 68%-80% D 50%-67%
Fail below 50%
Attendance will be taken in the first minutes of class.
Each absence will result in the loss of points from the total possible.

10. Extra Credit is possible.

11. Participation Credit Joining ASM or NCMS (5pt)
Answer question or ask one 1pt
Enter microbe of the month 1pt
Attend a meeting or lecture on microbiology and hand in a report (10pt)
Field trip (to be announced) (5pt)
Max of 15pt

12. While some of the lecture material will change
The Exam dates will not.

13. Nick Kapp Ph.D.
8224

14. What is a Microbe Smaller than 0.1mm
Includes bugs, things, germs, viruses, protozoan, bacteria, animalcules, small suckers

15. Nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus (1735) Genus species
By custom once mentioned can be abbreviated with initial of genus followed by specific epithet. E. coli
When two organisms share a common genus are related.

16. Why study Microbiology
Microbes are related to all life.
In all environments
Many beneficial aspects
Related to life processes (food web, nutrient cycling)
Only a minority are pathogenic.
Most of our problems are caused by microbes

17. EID’s Emerging infectious diseases Can you name an example?
Weapons of mass destruction
New evolutionary features
Response to man encroaching on the environment
Can you name an example?
Avian influenza
SARS
West Nile Virus
BSE
Diarrhea
Flesh eating bacteria
MRSA

18. Microbes in research 10 trillion human cells 10x this number microbes
Easy to grow
Biochemistry is essentially the same
Simple and easy to study

19. Biotechnology Use of biological systems to produce useful items
The use of biological information to make things or improve the human condition
Practical applications of microbiology

20. Diversity of Microbes Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes
Protozoa-eukaryotic, single celled, colonial, many ways of nutrition
Fungi- absorb nutrients, single celled filamentous
Viruses-acellular entities
Others- worms, insects
Fig All are at some point of their life microscopic.

22. Bacteria Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
Figure 1.1a

23. Archaea: Prokaryotic Lack peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
Halobacteria not from book

24. Fungi Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular
Fungi
Figure 1.1b

25. Protozoa Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Most free some parasites
Figure 1.1c

26. Algae Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesis for energy (primary producers)
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
Metabolically diverse
Figure 1.1d

27. Viruses Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core
Core is surrounded by a protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
Figure 1.1e

28. Multicellular Animal Parasites
Eukaryote
Multicellular animals
Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths.
Microscopic stages in life cycles.
Figure fluke

29. The Scientific Method Make an observation Make a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Draw your conclusions
repeat

30. Requirements for Scientific methods
Single variables
Experimental controls
How can this be used to discover things?
Does HIV cause AIDS??? Discuss

31. Knowledge of microorganisms:
Allows humans to
Prevent food spoilage
Prevent disease occurrence
Others?
Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.

32. Universal precautions set up by CDC
Use gloves, gowns, masks and goggles
Minimize risk of needle sticks
Disinfections procedure
Preventative treatment after exposure
Reduce risk
Treat all patients the same
HBV greater risk than HIV
P546 table Here mostly deal with HIV

33. The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ forms life.
The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.

34. Evidence Pro and Con
1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.
Conditions
Results
3 jars covered with fine net
No maggots
3 open jars
Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

35. Evidence Pro and Con
1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in flasks.
Conditions
Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

36. The Theory of Biogenesis
Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
Figure 1.3

37. Where is Microbiology currently being practiced? I.e. jobs
Put your Choice here
Immunology
Virology
Recombinant DNA technology.
Elemental recycling
Sewage treatment
Bioremediation
Pest control
Gene therapy

38. A timeline of Microbiology
Fig 1.4
Some highlights
1665 Hooke
1673 van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes
1735 Linnaeus Nomenclature
1798 Jenner vaccine
1857 Pasteur Fermentation
1876 Koch germ theory of disease

39. The Golden Age of Microbiology
Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

40. Fermentation and Pasteurization
Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation.
Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.
Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food.
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).

41. Fermentation and Pasteurization
Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.
Figure 1.4

42. The Germ Theory of Disease
1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.
1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.

43. The Germ Theory of Disease
1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

44. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics.
Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.
Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.
1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.

45. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus.
1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.
Similar to Figure 1.5

46. Modern Developments in Microbiology
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.
Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.
Proteomics is looking at the gene products

47. Selected Novel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine
1901* von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin
1902 Ross Malaria transmission
1905 Koch TB bacterium
1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes
1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin
1952 Waksman Streptomycin
1969 Delbrück, Hershey, Luria Viral replication
1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics
Prusiner Prions
Agre, Mackirron water and ion channels
2005 Marshall, Warren Helicobacter and ulcers
2008 Hausen Papilloma and viruses
* The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

48. Principles of Microscopy
Metric units (table 3.1)
Micrometer
Nanometer
angstrom

49. Compound light microscopy
Basic parts
Eyepieces (ocular lens)
Base
Condenser
Iris diaphragm
Objective lens
Body tube
Mechanical stage
Adjustment knobs

50. Magnification Calculation: Parafocial Paracentric
Objective power x ocular power = total power
Parafocial
Paracentric
Microscopic measurement
Micrometer? Why must we calibrate it?

51. Modern Developments in Microbiology
Diagnostics
Prevention
Use as a tool
Surveys and vigilance

53. What you should know? What are microbes? What types of microbes?
Some history Highlights
The Magic Bullet
Microbes and human Welfare
Microbes and Human Disease
The CDC