1. AN INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY: THE BACTERIA
CHAPTER 9

2. Taxonomy Taxon - arrangement Carolus Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature
Genus
Specific epithet
Italicized or underlined
Staphylococcus aureus
Species versus Strains

3. Taxonomic Heirarchy

4. Taxonomic Keys Dichotomous key Criteria used in classification
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relatedness
Morphology
Structural similarity

5. Five Kingdom Classification
Whittaker
4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms
1 Prokaryotic Kingdom, now expanded into 2 Domains
(not detailed enough)

6. Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes Single celled No cell wall
Chemoheterotrophic
Some may photosynthesize
Environmental and pathogens
No embryonic development or spore formation

7. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotes Single or multi-cellular Chemoheterotrophs
Chitin in cell wall
Spore formers
Pathogens and decomposers

8. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotes Multicellular Photoautotrophic
Metabolites for some protection
Cellulose in cell wall

9. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular No cell wall Chemoautotrophs
Embryonic development
Helminths/Arthropods significant in Microbiology

10. Domain/Superkingdom Classification
Supercedes Kingdom classification
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Methanogens
Extreme Halophiles
Extreme Thermo(acido)philes

11. Classification Over Time
3 domains presently accepted

12. Bacteria Prokaryotic size and cell features Peptidoglycan in cell wall
70S ribosomes
Membrane lipids like Eukaryotes
No histones

13. Archaea Prokaryotic size and cell features
No Peptidoglycan in cell wall
80S ribosomes
Membrane lipid differences
Histone-like proteins
Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles

14. Membrane Lipid Linkages
Branched isoprene chains
Un-branched fatty acids
Ether linkage
Ester linkage
L-glycerol
D-glycerol
BACTERIA and EUKARYA
ARCHAEAN

15. PossibleOrigins of the Domains

16. The “Shrub” of Life Ancestral genetic pool Lateral Gene transfer
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria

17. Virus Classification Acellular
Not included in Binomial Nomenclature scheme
Classification by
Nucleic acid type
Envelope presence

18. Taxonomic Methods Numerical Taxonomy Genetic Homology
Binary comparisons of many characteristics
Genetic Homology
Base compositon
Gene comparisons
Protein profiling

19. DNA Hybridization

20. Protein Profiling
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

21. Other Techniques Ribosome Properties Immunological Reactions
Phage Typing

22. Bergey’s Manuals Classification Identification
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Encyclopaedic
Phylogenetic
Reference/ Research
Identification
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
Comparison of key differences
Diagnostic