1. The Enlightenment Spreads
Section 3:
The Enlightenment Spreads

2. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris
Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s
City is home to salons – gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas

3. Other Female Salons
Wealthy Jewish women created nine of the fourteen salons in Berlin.
In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania.
Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.

4. A Parisian Salon

5. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

6. The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777)
Madame Suzanne Necker ( )
Mademoiselle Julie de Lespinasse (1732*-1776)

8. Diderot’s Encyclopedia
French philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751
Set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays
Encyclopedia articles anger French government, Catholic Church
Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe

9. Diderot’s Encyclopedia
It was intended to question everything: that almost anything could be understood through reason
Subject matter covered politics, religion, arts, science
Its articles attacked religious intolerance, political corruption and inequality

10. Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Reactions to it:
Government and Church saw it as a threat
Government had it censored and halted production
The Pope pronounced excommunication on those who read or bought it

11. Diderot’s Encyclopédie

12. The Encyclopédie
Complete cycle of knowledge…………...… change the general way of thinking.
28 volumes.
Alphabetical, cross-referenced, illustrated.
First published in 1751.
1500 livres a set.

13. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

14. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

15. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

16. Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

17. Reading During the Enlightenment
Literacy:
80% for men; 60% for women.
Books were expensive (one day’s wages).
Many readers for each book (20 : 1)
novels, plays & other literature.
journals, memoirs, “private lives.”
philosophy, history, theology.
newspapers, political pamphlets.

18. An Increase in Reading

19. An Increase in Reading

20. “Must Read” Books of the Time

21. New Artistic Styles Neoclassical Style Emerges
Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque – grand ornate design
Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes

22. Baroque Music Representative Composers Antonio Vivaldi
Johann Sebastian Bach
George Friedrich Handel

23. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Representative Works
Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723.
46 operas
76 sonatas
Chamber music
Sacred music

24. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Representative Works
cantatas
chorales
organ works
lute music
chamber music
canons and fugues
Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

25. George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)
Representative Works
42 operas
29 oratorios
120 cantatas, trios, duets
numerous arias
chamber music
Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

26. Changes in Music and Literature
Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style
Led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots and characters
Samuel Richard’s Pamela is considered first true English novel
Focused on family life and everyday problems of love, marriage, and morality

27. Classical Music Representative Composers Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven

28. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) 104 Symphonies
Known as “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet”
Representative Works
104 Symphonies
numerous concertos for various instruments
15 operas
other music

29. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Representative works
23 operas
numerous symphonies
“Toy Symphony”
concertos
“Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314”
piano music
chamber music
sacred music
masses

30. Ludwig van Beethoven Representative Works
Symphonies (5th and 9th probably the most famous)
Piano music
“Fur Elise”
Vocal music
Operas
Choral music

33. Enlightenment and Monarchy
Enlightened despots
Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule

34. Frederick the Great
Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and the justice system
Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom

35. Joseph II
Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press
Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death

36. Catherine the Great Enlightened ruler of Russia 1762-1796
Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails
Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs

37. Catherine Expands Russia
In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully expands Russian empire
Gains port access for Russia by seizing northern coast of Black Sea
Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing Russia’s size