1. The Science of Marine Biology
UNIT 1
Intro video

2. What is Marine Biology Scientific study of organisms of the seas
Marine bio video

3. 9/8/2015 SWBAT: Timeline early ocean exploration
Do Now: Set up Cornell Note sheet
Tomorrow 9/09/15: A-107 Computer Lab
Make sure that you are set up on REMIND!!!

4. What is Oceanography? Scientific study of the oceans
Covers geology, chemistry, meterology, biology
A biological oceanographer focuses on organisms in the deep while marine biologists tend to study organisms close to shore

5. Why study Marine Biology?
Oceans hold a variety of life- adventurous to study
Provides clues to Earth’s past
Source of human wealth
Food, medicines, raw materials, recreation
Marine life helps to determine the nature of our planet- make oxygen
To solve problems created by marine organisms- barnacles

6. History of Marine Biology
Aristotle considered one of the first marine biologists
He described many forms of marine life
Recognized gills as the breathing organisms of fish
The Greeks used mathematical principles for seafaring and created more accurate maps
Knew Earth was a sphere

7. Latitude/longitude system
Developed by Greeks
Latitude = north-south
Longitude = east-west
In degrees
1 degree=60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
Latitude lines never intersect so called parallels- 0*parallel = equator
Longitude lines called meridians- 0* meridian goes through the Royal Naval Observatory in Greenwich, England (the prime meridian)

8. .
Other cultures such as Egyptians, Pacific Islanders, the Vikings and Arab traders also studied the oceans as well
Early explorer video
Polynesians underwent the earliest known regular long-distance, open-ocean out of sight of land voyages

9. 9/10/15
SWBAT: Explain the contributions of the Middle Age explorers, Vikings and Chinese to early ocean exploration.
Reminder: Computer lab due tomorrow in JOURNALS

10. Middle Ages (800 A.D -1400) A time of “intellectual darkness”
Become an illiterate society
Believed Earth was flat
Only European voyages were Vikings

11. Viking Explorations (790 A.D. – 1100)
Established trade routes with Britain, Ireland, Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia.
Discovered Iceland, Greenland and North America (Newfoundland, Canada)
Contributed to European ship design

12. Chinese Explorations Invented the magnetic compass (1125)
Traded with Korea, Japan, and Australia
Contributed central rudders and watertight compartments to ship building

13. European Explorations (1400-1700)
Renaissance period- centered in Italy
Ocean expeditions were conduced for economic, political and religious reasons

14. James Cook and the Birth of Marine Science
An English sea captain
One of the first to make scientific observations on his travels and to include a full time naturalist
Beginning in 1768, he explored all of the oceans
Used the chronometer- an instrument that helped to determine his longitude and latitude and make accurate charts

15. First European to see the Antarctic and to land in Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti and other Pacific islands.
Killed in 1779 in a fight with native Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay Hawaii
James Cook video

16. Charles Darwin English Naturalist on the Beagle -1831
Described atolls- rings of coral reef
Studied plankton and barnacles

17. United States Exploring Expedition
The “Wilkes Expedition”
2 out of 6 ships returned
Confirmed Antarctica was a continent
Explored 280 islands
Collected 2,000 unknown species
video

18. Matthew Maury- Father of Physical Oceanography
US Naval Officer
world tours
1842 appointed superintendent of Dept of Charts and Instruments of the Navy department
Began publishing his work
His system for recording oceanic data was adapted worldwide especially his studies of currents and winds

19. The Challenger Expedition- British
First expedition entirely devoted to marine science to 1876
Sailed 80,778 miles
Report took 23 years to complete
Discovered the Mid-Atlantic ridge and the Marianas Trench

20. Took the first soundings deeper than 4000 meters
Discovered marine organisms in the deepest part of the ocean
Sampled and illustrated plankton
Catalogued and identified 715 new genera and 4717 new species
NASA named space shuttle after it
video

21. Oceanography Explosion
Due to Industrial Revolution and the advancement of technology
Rise of steam engines and iron ships
Development of the diesel engine, electric motor and lead-acid battery lead to the development of submarines
Wealthier countries = more research $ therefore applied research increased dramatically as well as pure research
The Cold War and global conflict fueled scientific discovery

22. Important 20th Century Expeditions
German Meteor expedition- 1925
One of 1st modern oceanographic research cruises
Crossed Atlantic 14 times in two years
Mapped Atlantic seafloor with echo-sounding technology- 1st one of its kind

23. Atlantis expedition- U.S.- 1931
1st ship built specifically for ocean studies
Confirmed and mapped the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Space shuttle named after it

24. New H.M.S. Challenger II- 1951
2 year voyage to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans
Found deepest part of ocean (the Challenger Deep) in the Marianas Trench- 10, 838 meters

25. SUBMERSIBLES AND SELF-CONTAINED DIVING

26. Submersibles 3 basic types
1. Bathysphere- developed by William Beebe and Otis Barton in the 1930’s
Steel ball with a window and an umbilical
Only went vertically- attached by a cable to a ship
1932 Beebe and Barton reached 661 meters

27. The bathysphere (1930)

28. 2. Bathyscaphe
Similar to bathysphere except it was attached to a large float instead of to a cable and ship
Limited horizontal motion because of propellers
Deepest diving submersibles ever made
Trieste traveled to the bottom of the Challenger Deep

30. 3. Deep-Diving submersibles
2-3 person vessels
Moderate to deep depths
Good horizontal movement
No float tanks
Less fragile
Robotic arms
Alvin most famous-discovered the Titanic-Jason Project- operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (US Navy)

31. Johnson Sealink Submersible

32. Advantages of submersibles
Great depths
Duration of dives are longer
Disadvantages of submersibles
Very expensive
Need of support vessels and diving teams
Very large, so not able to have access to many places

33. Self-Contained Diving
1st was hard-hat (helmet) diving- Englishman named Augustus Siebe- 1840
Good for underwater labor, not good for research because it was heavy and required a support team and vessel

34. Englishman Henry Fleuss introduced the first workable scuba in 1878
Recirculated pure oxygen which is only usuable to a depth of 10 meters or 33 ft
Frenchman Jacques Cousteau and engineer Emile Gagnan developed the scuba system used today in 1943
Delivers compressed air and only provides it when the diver inhaled
Easy to use, lightweight, simple, little support needed

35. Disadvantages of SCUBA
Less expensive
Very simple- don’t need a team
Portable and small
More dexterity
Disadvantages of SCUBA
Usually limited to about m ( ft)-compressed air and to about 150 m with synthetic breathing gases
Duration is smaller due to cold, pressure, and fatigue

37. Hardsuits - 1913 In between a submersible and scuba
More protection from temp. and pressure
More mobile than submersibles
Deeper dives
Expensive
Also need some team support as well

38. ROVs, AUVs, Electronic Navigation, and Satellites

39. ROVs “Remotely operated vehicle”
Small unmanned submarine with propellers, video camera and an umbilical
Operator at surface
Can have arms, claws and other tools

40. AUVs “Autonomous Underwater Vehicle” Untethered robotic device
Self-contained power systems
Controlled by an attached computer
Maneuverable in 3 dimensions

41. Electronic navigation
1st was LORAN (Long Range Navigation)- 1960s
Developed into Loran-C- based on radio signals from the coast- needed to triangulate to get ships position
Accurate within a few meters
But only worked where Loran transmitters were located
Accuracy depended on distance from transmitter

42. GPS “Global Positioning System”- 1990s Developed by U.S. Military
Receives signals from satellites
Accurate within 1-2 meters