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MLAB 2401: Clinical Chemistry Keri Brophy-Martinez
Diseases of Mineral and Bone
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Hypercalcemia Blood calcium levels above expected range Causes of:
Malignancy Primary Hyperparathyroidism Renal Failure Multiple myeloma
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Clinical Symptoms of Hypercalcemia
CNS Disorientation Lethargy Confusion Depression GI Constipation Nausea Vomiting Renal Kidney stones Skeletal Increased risk of fractures Cardiovascular Hypertention
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Hypocalcemia Blood calcium levels below the expected range Causes of:
Hypoparathyroidism Decreased vitamin D Inadequate diet Malabsorption Decreased magnesium Decreased calcium intake
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Clinical Symptoms Of Hypocalcemia
Neuromuscular irritability Muscle cramps Seizures Tetany Cardiac irregularities
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Metabolic Bone Diseases
Abnormal mineralization of bone Deficiency of vitamin D Rickets Disease state in growing bone of children & adolescents Failure of mineralization of bone Bony deformities Osteomalacia Adults Inadequate or delayed mineralization of bone Loss of bone mass/ bone tissue Osteoporosis Affects women predominantly Increased risk for fractures, especially hip
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Hypermagnesemia Increased magnesium Causes of:
Acute/chronic renal failure Decreased excretion Endocrine disorders Antacids Bone cancers Severe dehydration Diabetic acidosis
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Clinical Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia
Cardiovascular Neuromuscular Hypotension Bradycardia Warm skin Nausea Vomiting Lethargy Decreased reflexes Respiratory depression Hypocalcemia
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Hypomagnesemia Decrease in the blood level of magnesium Causes of:
Reduced Intake Decreased Absorption Increased excretion- RENAL Increased excretion-ENDOCRINE Increased excretion-DRUG INDUCED
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Clinical Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia
Cardiovascular Psychiatric Depression Agitation Psychosis Hypertension Arrhythmia Weakness Cramps Tetany
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Hyperphosphatemia Elevated levels of phosphate in the blood Caused by:
Decreased renal excretion Acute/chronic renal failure Increased intake Oral, rectal, IV administration Increased extracellular load Acidosis, shifting of ions
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Clinical Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia
No direct symptoms
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Hypophosphatemia Decreased level of blood phosphate Caused by:
Increased urinary excretion Altered internal redistribution Decreased intestinal absorption
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Clinical Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia
Present once phosphorus levels decrease to one-half the lower limit of normal. Weakness Dizziness Respiratory Failure Impairment of cardiac contractility
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References Bishop, M., Fody, E., & Schoeff, l. (2010). Clinical Chemistry: Techniques, principles, Correlations. Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Sunheimer, R., & Graves, L. (2010). Clinical Laboratory Chemistry. Upper Saddle River: Pearson .
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![Clinical aspects of common mineral disorders. hypocalcemia Normal [Ca2+] total = 8.5-10.5 mg/dl (2.12-2.62 mmol/L) Normal [Ca2+] ion = 4.65-5.25 mg/dL.](/15/4762424/big_thumb.jpg "Clinical aspects of common mineral disorders. hypocalcemia Normal [Ca2+] total = 8.5-10.5 mg/dl (2.12-2.62 mmol/L) Normal [Ca2+] ion = 4.65-5.25 mg/dL.>")
