1. Cells Anatomy

2. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

3. Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
All cells have three main regions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

4. The Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material (DNA)

5. The Nucleus Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus
Chromatin

6. The Nucleus

7. The Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) Double membrane
nuclear pores - exchange of material

8. The Nucleus Nucleoli Sites of ribosome assembly
Ribosomes move into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

9. The Nucleus Chromatin DNA and protein
Present when the cell is not dividing

10. Plasma Membrane Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

11. Plasma Membrane

12. Plasma Membrane Specializations
Microvilli
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
Do all cells have microvilli?

13. Plasma Membrane Specializations
Membrane junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

14. Plasma Membrane Specializations

15. Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

16. Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions

17. Cytoplasmic Organelles

18. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Mitochondria
“Powerhouses” of the cell

19. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis
Found at two locations:

20. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

21. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Rough ER
Smooth ER

22. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins:

23. Pathway 3 Pathway 2 Pathway 1 Rough ER Proteins in cisterna Cisterna
Membrane
Lysosome fuses with ingested substances
Transport vesicle
Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a lysosome
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicles
Pathway 1
Golgi vesicle containing membrane components fuses with the plasma membrane
Proteins
Golgi vesicle containing proteins to be secreted becomes a secretory vesicle
Secretion by exocytosis
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid

24. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell

25. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances
Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

26. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Internal framework/structure

27. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Three different types:

28. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Centrioles
Rod-shaped structure made off microtubules
Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

29. Cellular Projections
Not found in all cells
Used for movement

30. Cellular Projections Cilia: move materials across the cell surface
Flagella: propel the cell