1. Physiology and Anatomy of Cells
How many cells do humans start off with at the moment they are conceived?
← fat cells
nerve cells →
← epithelial cells
muscle cells →

2. 75 trillion?
A. The human body consists of 75 trillion cells that vary considerably in shape and size yet have much in common.
B. Differences in cell shape make different functions possible.

4. Physiology of Cells
Differentiation is a key physiological characteristic at the cellular level.
Physical appearance
Location in body
Function
Do all cells have the same organelles?
Ex: Red blood cells vs. white blood cells

5. Plant and Animal Organelles
1. Plasma (or cell) membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
4. Nucleolus
5. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
6. Ribosomes
7. Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion)
8. Golgi complex
9. Lysosomes
10. Vacuoles
11. Centrioles
12. Cell wall
13. Chloroplasts

6. Plasma (or cell) membrane
1. Plasma (or cell) membrane: Thin, two-layered film that surrounds entire cell.
Consists of lipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded.
It is described as semipermeable, or selectively permeable. This means it permits the passage or transport of certain materials into and out of the cell, and prevents transport of other materials.

7. cell membrane regulates
The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, participates in signal transduction, and helps cells adhere to other cells.
2. General Characteristics
a. The cell membrane is extremely thin and selectively permeable.
b. It has a complex surface with adaptations to increase surface area.

8. Cytoplasm
2. Cytoplasm: The fluid-like material inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus of the cell. Various organelles are present in the cytoplasm and many biochemical processes occur in it.
The cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and
networks of membranes and organelles.

9. Nucleus
3. Nucleus: Structure containing the chromosomes and DNA of the cell, which carry hereditary information and direct the biochemical activities of the cell.
Separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane.

10. Nucleolus
4. Nucleolus: Structure within the nucleus that is involved in the synthesis of the rRNA found in ribosomes. (this organelle makes part of a ribosome)

11. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
5. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A network of channels in the cytoplasm that function in synthesizing, transporting, detoxifing, and storing substances made in the cell.
Two types:
Rough and Smooth

12. Picture of Endoplasmic Reticulm

13. Ribosomes:
6. Ribosomes: Small structures that are the sites of protein synthesis. There are large numbers of ribosomes in the cell, which may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the surface of the ER.

14. Mitochondria
7. Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion): Sites of aerobic cellular respiration.
Most ATP of the cell is made in the mitochondria.
Converts the bonds of organic molecules into ATP

15. Picture of Mitochondria

16. Golgi complex
8. Golgi complex: Membrane-bound channels in which products from the cell are processed and packaged.
Finishes proteins to make enzymes –lysosomes

17. Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened sacs, and refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins.
- Vesicles form from part of the cell membrane or the Golgi and store materials.
- Vesicles formed on ER travel to the Golgi apparatus which modifies their contents chemically.
- The vesicle may then move to the cell membrane and secrete its contents to the outside.
- Vesicles form a “delivery service,” carrying chemicals throughout the cell (vesicle trafficking).

19. Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
9. Lysosomes: are the "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria.
10. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol.

20. Vacuoles
11. Vacuoles: Spaces in the cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane and containing water and other materials.
Many one-celled organisms have food vacuoles in which ingested food is stored and digested
contractile vacuoles that pump excess water out of the cell.

21. Centrioles
12. Centrioles: A pair if cylindrical structures found just outside the nuclear membrane in most animal cells. The centrioles are active during cell division.
Make microtubules and microfilaments

22. Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Movement
13. Cilia and Flagella – propels cells through environment and move materials over cell surface.
- are motile extensions from the cell; shorter cilia are abundant on the free surfaces of certain epithelial cells (respiratory linings, for example), and a lengthy flagellum can be found on sperm cells.