1. Fungi

2. General Characteristics
Primarily terrestrial
Filamentous
__________
Coenocytic (aseptate)
septate
mycelium
Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae

3. Fungal Hyphae

4. General Characteristics (animal-like)
Heterotrophic
absorption (saprobes)
parasitic
mutualistic
Cell Wall:______
Store sugar as glycogen

5. Fungal Reproduction Asexual Sexual haploid spores (conidia/sporangia)
hyphae (haploid)
Syngamy (diploid) – (like us)
____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon)
karyogamy (diploid)
Plasmogamy

6. Fugal Reproduction

7. Fungal Classification

8. Division: Chytridiomycota
Have _______ (rare in fungi)
Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular
Cell wall: chitin
Saprobes or parasites
May be most primitive fungi

9. Division: Zygomycota

10. Division: Zygomycota Coenocytic Fungi
Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material)
Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold)
Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring
(enzymes)

11. Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle!
Fig
Key
Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle!
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
Mating
type (+)
Gametangia with
haploid nuclei
Mating
type (–)
100 µm
Young
zygosporangium
(heterokaryotic)
Rhizopus
growing
on bread
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Dispersal and
germination
Zygosporangium
Sporangia
KARYOGAMY
Spores
Diploid
nuclei
Sporangium
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
Dispersal and
germination
50 µm
Mycelium

12. Division: Zygomycota Microsporidia Parasitic
Loss of organelles
Cause disease in people with immune deficiency
Used as pest control

13. Division: Glomeromycota
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Coenocytic Fungi
________ - associated with plant roots
increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients

14. Division: Ascomycota

15. Divison: ________ Ascomycota Septate fungi (sac fungi)
Saprobes, mutualistic
Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds
Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce)

16. Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n)
Fig
Conidia;
mating type (–)
Haploid spores (conidia)
Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Dispersal
Germination
Mating
type (+)
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Hypha
PLASMOGAMY
Ascus
(dikaryotic)
Conidiophore
Mycelia
Dikaryotic
hyphae
Mycelium
Germination
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
KARYOGAMY
Dispersal
Diploid nucleus
(zygote)
Asci
Eight
ascospores
Ascocarp
Four
haploid
nuclei
MEIOSIS

17. Division: Basidiomycota

18. Division: Basidiomycota
Septate Fungi (Club fungi)
Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic
Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi
Uses: Food

19. Division: Basidiomycota
Fairy Rings

20. Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+)
Fig
Dikaryotic mycelium
Haploid mycelia
PLASMOGAMY
Mating
type (–)
Mating
type (+)
Gills lined
with basidia
Haploid mycelia
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Basidiocarp
(n+n)
Dispersal and
germination
Basidiospores
(n)
Basidium with
four basidiospores
Basidia
(n+n)
Basidium
Basidium containing
four haploid nuclei
KARYOGAMY
MEIOSIS
Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n +n)
Diploid
nuclei
1 µm
Basidiospore
Diploid (2n)

21. Division: Deuteromycota
Imperfect
_________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae
Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi
Stachybotrys chartarum
Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

22. __
Lichen_____
Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota
Pioneer organisms

23. Ecological Impacts Decomposers
Pathogens (30% of species…most plant pathogens).
10-50% world’s fruit lost due to Fungi
Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD)
Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles
Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

24. Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline
60% human diseases originate from animals
VT Vredenburg et al, Large scale amphibian die-offs driven by the dynamics of an emergin infectious disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: (2010)
4/21/2018

25. Domain: Archaea Group: Methanogens Group: Halophiles
methane releasing
Group: Halophiles
lives in high salt areas
Group: Thermophiles
lives in extreme temperatures

26. Viruses

27. b

28. Virus Structure

29. Virus Structure
Capsid – Protein coat covering virus; present in all viruses. Capsids are made from protein subunits called capsomeres.
__________ – Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all.

30. Viral Replication Only reproduce when they enter a host cell
They lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism

31. Viral Genome Structure
dsDNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
ssRNA
Serve as mRNA
Serve as template for mRNA
Serve as template for DNA (retro)
Bullet shaped envelope

32. HIV (a retrovirus)
Viruses that causes AIDS
Peters Duesberg

33. ______ ss RNA that can serve as mRNA
Can cause paralysis in motor neurons
Transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water
Worse in intermediately clean cities
Salk vaccine, 1954

34. Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
At least 5 different types of the virus
Hep A – ss RNA, no envelope; fecal-oral
Hep C – ss RNA with envelope; sexually transmitted/ blood

35. __________ Bullet Shaped Envelope (ss RNA) Long incubation period
Almost always fatal if unvaccinated.
Zoonosis
Host Range

36. Flu Influenza, commonly known as the flu
Symptoms include fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness
Many Epidemic/
Pandemic
Episodes ( ) million died; Spanish Flu
4/21/2018

37. Infectious Protein Particles
Examples:
Mad Cow Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Kuru (Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea)

38. Plant Diversity I

39. Highlights of Plant Evolution
Gymnosperms

40. Alternation of Generation
Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles.
Multicellular
Multicellular

41. Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae)
Nonvascular Seedless plants
_____________
Mosses
Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Anthocerophyta
Hornworts
Vascular Seedless plants
Lycophyta
Club mosses
Psilophyta
Whiskferns
Spenophyta
Horsetails
_____________
Ferns
Bryophyta
Pterophyta
Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos)
We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

42. Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants
Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue)
no true leaves, roots, stems
__________/_________:
Gametophyte
(antheridium and archegonium)
sporangium (produces spores)
Sporophyte

43. Hepatophyta Liverworts Thalloid Two forms __________ (80%)
__________ (20%)
Thalloid

44. Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Reproduction
Asexual
(_______________)
sexual

45. Anthocerophyta ____________ Hornworts Sporophyte
Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes
Most closely related to higher plants
Sporophyte
____________

46. Bryophyta Mosses

47. Bryophyta
Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally
Essay!

48. Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants
Formation of vascular tissue
__________ (water)
__________ (food)
True leaves, roots, and stems
Lignin (chemical in cell wall)
Sporophyte generation dominate
Sperm with flagella
Phloem

49. Lycophyta Sporophylls Lycophytes true leaves true stems true roots
Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein.
true stems
true roots
____________
leaves that produce spores
Sporophylls

50. Psilophyta
Whisk Ferns
True stems
no true leaves
no true roots

51. Sphenophyta Horsetails true leaves true stems true roots microphylls
silica
true roots

52. Division: Pterophyta

53. Fern Life Cycle
Essay!