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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 28 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Plants
Plant Evolution and Classification
Chapter 28
Table of Contents
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants

4. Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Objectives
Name three adaptations plants have made to life on land.
Summarize the classification of plants.
Describe alternation of generations.

5. Chapter 28 Adapting to Land
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Adapting to Land
Three adaptations have allowed plants to be successful on land:
a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
haploid spores and diploid seeds to protect reproductive cells
special vascular tissues called xylem and phloem for absorbing and transporting materials within the plant.

6. Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land

7. Chapter 28 Classifying Plants
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Classifying Plants
The 12 phyla of plants are divided into two groups based on the presence of vascular tissue.
The three phyla of nonvascular plants have neither true vascular tissue nor roots, stems, or leaves.
Most members of the nine phyla of vascular plants have vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves.

8. Classifying Plants, continued
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Classifying Plants, continued
Vascular plants can be further divided into two groups, seedless plants and seed plants.
Seed plants include four phyla of gymnosperms and one phylum of angiosperms.

9. Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae

10. Alternating Life Cycles
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Alternating Life Cycles
All plants have a life cycle known as alternation of generations.
In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte produces gametes. Gametes unite and give rise to a diploid sporophyte.
Through meiosis, the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which develop into gametophytes.

11. Alternation of Generations
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Alternation of Generations

12. Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Life Cycles of Plants

13. Alternation of Generations
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Alternation of Generations

14. Chapter 28 Objectives Identify the characteristics of bryophytes.
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Objectives
Identify the characteristics of bryophytes.
Describe plant in the phylum Bryophyta.
Describe plants in the phylum Hepatophyta.
Describe plants in the phylum Anthocerophyta.

15. Characteristics of Bryophytes
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Bryophytes
The three phyla of nonvascular plants are collectively called bryophytes.
These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves.
They are very small and are usually found in moist areas.

16. Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants

17. Chapter 28 Phylum Bryophyta
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Phylum Bryophyta
Bryophytes in the phylum Bryophyta are mosses.
Mosses are attached to the soil by structures called rhizoids.
Peat moss is a moss that has many uses.

18. Chapter 28 Phylum Hepatophyta
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Phylum Hepatophyta
Bryophytes in the phylum Hepatophyta are liverworts.
Liverworts lie close to the ground, which allows them to absorb water readily.

19. Phylum Anthocerophyta
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Bryophytes in the phylum Anthocerophyta are hornworts.
Hornworts do not have a stem or leaves.
Hornworts have long, thin, hornlike sporophytes that grow out of the top of the plant.

20. Types of Nonvascular Plants
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Types of Nonvascular Plants

21. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Parts of a Moss

22. Chapter 28 Objectives Section 3 Vascular Plants
Describe the adaptive advantages that plants have over nonvascular plants.
Summarize the characteristics of the four phyla of seedless vascular plants.
State the major differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Determine why angiosperms have been so successful.
Compare monocots and dicots.

23. Seedless Vascular Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants
Vascular plants have several adaptive advantages over nonvascular plants, including specialized conducting tissues, the ability to grow large and live in many environments, and strong stems that allow them to grow tall and receive more sunlight.
Seedless vascular plants include the four phyla Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pteridophyta.

24. Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant

25. Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds

26. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Phylum Psilophyta
The phylum Psilophyta is represented by whisk ferns.
Some are epiphytes that grow on other plants.

27. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Phylum Lycophyta
The phylum Lycophyta contains the club mosses.
Because they look like miniature pine trees, club mosses are also called ground pines.

28. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Phylum Sphenophyta
The phylum Sphenophyta includes horsetails of the genus Equisetum.
Horsetails have jointed photosynthetic stems that contain silica, with scalelike leaves at each joint.

29. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Phylum Pteridophyta
Ferns belong to the phylum Pteridophyta and represent a diverse group.
Most ferns have an underground stem called a rhizome.

30. Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Parts of a Fern

31. Types of Seedless Vascular Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Types of Seedless Vascular Plants

32. Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants
There are two main groups of seed-bearing vascular plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Gymnosperms are characterized by naked seeds and no flowers.
Angiosperms have flowers and seeds enclosed by a fruit.

33. Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds

34. Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Gymnosperms

35. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Cycadophyta
Cycads are gymnosperms of the phylum Cycadophyta.
Although cycads flourished during the age of the dinosaurs, only about 100 species survive today.

36. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Ginkgophyta
Like cycads, ginkgoes flourished during the time of the dinosaurs.
The only species existing today is Ginkgo biloba, which is native to China.

37. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Coniferophyta
The conifers, which are gymnosperms of the phylum Coniferophyta, include pine, cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, and bald cypress trees.
They are important sources of wood, paper, turpentine, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees.

38. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Gnetophyta
Gnetophytes, an odd group of cone-bearing gymnosperms, have vascular systems that more closely resemble those of angiosperms.

39. Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Needles and Cones

40. Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Types of Gymnosperms

41. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Anthophyta
Anthophyta, the largest phylum of plants, includes over 240,000 species of flowering plants.
Angiosperms, or the flowering plants, are seed plants characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit.

42. The Evolution of Angiosperms
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
The Evolution of Angiosperms
Angiosperms have been successful for many reasons, including the production of fruit that protects seeds, quick germination, and an efficient vascular system.

43. Characteristics of Angiosperms
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Angiosperms

44. Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Types of Angiosperms

45. Familiar Families of Angiosperms
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Familiar Families of Angiosperms

46. Chapter 28 Monocots and Dicots
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Monocots and Dicots
Dicots are distinguished from monocots on the basis of several characteristics: cotyledon number, leaf venation, arrangement of stem vascular tissue, and number of flower parts.

47. Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

48. Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

49. Chapter 28 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes?
A. ferns and cycads
B. conifers and ginkgoes
C. hornworts and liverworts
D. horsetails and club mosses

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes?
A. ferns and cycads
B. conifers and ginkgoes
C. hornworts and liverworts
D. horsetails and club mosses

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. In which way do mosses help start new biological communities?
F. forming new soil
G. producing spores
H. detecting air pollution
J. slowing decomposition

52. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. In which way do mosses help start new biological communities?
F. forming new soil
G. producing spores
H. detecting air pollution
J. slowing decomposition

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of which types of plants?
A. all plants
B. all seed plants
C. all angiosperms
D. all vascular plants

54. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of which types of plants?
A. all plants
B. all seed plants
C. all angiosperms
D. all vascular plants

55. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following is a vascular seed plant?
F. ferns
G. cycads
H. horsetails
J. club mosses

56. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following is a vascular seed plant?
F. ferns
G. cycads
H. horsetails
J. club mosses

57. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below snows a plant life cycle. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows.

58. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which process occurs at X in this life cycle?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. alternation
D. fertilization

59. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which process occurs at X in this life cycle?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. alternation
D. fertilization

60. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which of the following phrases describes monocots?
F. bear seeds in cones
G. have parallel venation
H. do not produce flowers
J. have vascular bundles arranged in a circle

61. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which of the following phrases describes monocots?
F. bear seeds in cones
G. have parallel venation
H. do not produce flowers
J. have vascular bundles arranged in a circle

62. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. bryophyte : spore :: angiosperm :
A. seed
B. cone
C. ovary
D. cuticle

63. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. bryophyte : spore :: angiosperm :
A. seed
B. cone
C. ovary
D. cuticle

64. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The phylogenetic diagram below shows a possible evolutionary relationship between plants and algae. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows.

65. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. According to this diagram, which plants have evolved most recently?
F. angiosperms
G. gymnosperms
H. nonvascular plants
J. seedless vascular plants

66. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. According to this diagram, which plants have evolved most recently?
F. angiosperms
G. gymnosperms
H. nonvascular plants
J. seedless vascular plants

67. Chapter 28 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
The plant kingdom is very diverse, from small nonvascular plants to large flowering vascular plants.
Explain why some plants have been more successful on land than other plants have been.

68. Short Response, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
The plant kingdom is very diverse, from small nonvascular plants to large flowering vascular plants.
Explain why some plants have been more successful on land than other plants have been.
Answer: Successful land plants have developed vascular systems that transport water and nutrients, cuticles that reduce water loss, seeds which can survive where spores cannot, flowers that protect the developing embryo, and fruits which increase dispersion.

69. Chapter 28 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
All plants have a life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid phases.
Part A Name the two phases of a plant life cycle and describe how they differ from each other.
Part B Describe the life cycle of one nonvascular plant and one vascular plant, including the relative sizes of the different forms and other characteristics.

70. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A The sporophyte phase is diploid and produces spores by meiosis. The gametophyte phase is haploid and produces gametes by mitosis.
Part B A moss plant begins life as a zygote, which is attached to the gametophyte. The zygote divides by mitosis and produces haploid gametes, which when fertilized grow into a diploid sporophyte, which stays attached to the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. The spores are released. Spores germinate, grow by mitosis, and form a gametophyte. A fern begins life as a zygote, which is attached to the gametophyte. It grows by mitosis to form a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, and the spores are released. Spores germinate, grow by mitosis and form a gametophyte.