1. Learning
Chapter Review

2. In Classical Conditioning, the best results occur when the conditioned stimulus is presented a. After the unconditioned stimulus b. At the same time as the unconditioned stimulus c. Alone d. Before the unconditioned stimulus

3. Answer: D Before the unconditioned stimulus

4. Who pioneered research in classical conditioning?
Sigmund Freud
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner

5. Answer: B Ivan Pavlov

6. An unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the response that produced it is called
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Classical conditioning
Avoidance learning

7. Answer: B Punishment

8. In classical conditioning, the responses that are conditioned are
Voluntary
Involuntary
Operant
imitative

9. Answer: B Involuntary

10. A subject responding to a second stimulus similar to the original CS is an example of
Discrimination
Preconditioning
Generalization
taste

11. Answer: C Generalization

12. A child saying “Daddy” only to his father is an example of
Extinction
Discrimination
Generalization
An unconditioned response

13. Answer: B Discrimination

14. Things that meet people’s needs, such as food, are examples of
Extinction
Secondary reinforcers
Primary reinforcers
shaping

15. Answer: C Primary Reinforcers

16. Spontaneous recovery can occur
When the unconditioned stimulus is extinguished
When the conditioned stimulus starts again.
After systematic desensitization
As a result of latent learning

17. Answer: B When the conditioned stimulus starts again.

18. Which of the following types of learning involves cognitive factors?
Classical conditioning
Latent learning
Operant conditioning
Programming learning.

19. Answer: B Latent Learning

20. Something that produces a response.

21. Answer: Stimulus

22. Form of classical conditioning in which food comes to be avoided.

23. Answer: Taste Aversion

24. Method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts.

25. Answer: Shaping

26. Type of schedule in which reinforcement occurs every time the behavior occurs.

27. Answer: Continuous Reinforcement

28. Type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others.

29. Answer: Observational Learning.

30. What psychologist pioneered research on observational learning?

31. Answer: Albert Bandura

32. Through operant conditioning, people learn to control
Voluntary responses
Involuntary biological behaviors
Unconditioned responses
Unconditioned stimuli

33. Answer: A voluntary responses

34. Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence.

35. Answer: Response Chains.

36. Training an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus.

37. Answer: Escape Conditioning.

38. Most psychologists suggest that punishment is not the best way to deal with a problem because it
May cause children to learn to hit.
May cause children to run away.
Does not teach the correct way to act.
Does all of the above

39. Answer: D All of the above.

40. Classical or Operant?
Because taking exams in the past has always led to failure and humiliation, Sam gets nervous and nauseous whenever the teacher announces that they’re about to take a quiz.

41. Answer: Classical!

42. True or False?
Smiles and approval are secondary reinforcers.

43. Answer: False.

44. True or False?
Cognitive psychologists view learning as mechanical.

45. Answer: False

46. True or False?
The psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning is Sigmund Freud.

47. Answer: False

48. Schedule of reinforcement in which a behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses. Like when a video store promises a free rental with every 5 paid rentals.

49. What is a Fixed-Ratio?

50. Actions taken which result in something positive being taken away and the behavior is less likely to occur again .

51. Omission Training

52. Type of Reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is given every time the desired behavior occurs.

53. Continuous Reinforcement

54. Operant or Classical? Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year.

55. This is Operant Conditioning because school performance is a voluntary behavior. The credit card is a positive reinforcement because it is given and it increases the behavior.

56. Operant or Classical Conditioning?
You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.

57. This is an example of Classical Conditioning because nausea is an automatic response.
The flu sickness is the US.
The nausea is the UR.
The new food is the CS.
The nausea to the new food is the CR.