1. 13 Leisure for All C H A P T E R
Nancy Nisbett and H. Joey Gray, with contributions by J. Michael Wallace
Chapter 13

2. Learning Outcomes
Identify at least two constraints to recreation participation for the following:
People with disabilities
People in rural areas
People in urban areas
Men, women, gay and lesbian, and transgender groups
Ethnic and racial groups
Articulate how a person’s socioeconomic status influences leisure choices.
Articulate how a person’s ethnic, cultural, religious, and sexual orientations influence leisure choices.

3. People With Disabilities
People of all ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses
Americans with Disabilities Act
Inclusive recreation
Recreation therapy

4. Veterans
More than 2 million veterans are identified as having service-related disabilities
Physical and emotional impairments

5. Don’t be afraid to get in there and play, no matter what your abilities or skill level.

6. Older Adults Growing population Increasing life span
Changing recreation interests
Leisure as primary social outlet

7. Age should never be a limitation
Age should never be a limitation. You’re never too old to get involved and have some fun.

8. Location and Income Location Income Influences leisure choices
Creates barriers
Income
Low-cost recreation is needed for individuals of lower SES.
Recreation programs provide skill development for inner-city youth as well as the homeless.

9. Leisure and Segments of Society
Not all segments of society participate equally.
For example: socioeconomic background. Are all those who sail boats considered yachtsmen?
Can you think of other examples?

10. Leisure Constraints Theory
Interpersonal constraints: For example, a student may not eat lunch at a particular table at school because she is not in the popular clique at school.
Intrapersonal constraints: For example, a woman may believe that mostly men use the fitness center; therefore, she might not go.
Structural constraints: For example, Amish people do not travel as far as those who use automobiles due to their religious and cultural beliefs.

11. Women and Men
What kind of barriers to participation do women and men face?
Masculine versus feminine sports
Teasing and stereotyping
Gender issues
Homophobia
How might recreation professionals address these issues?

12. LGBTQQ
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer and questioning
Homophobia: societal discrimination and stigma of individuals who do not conform to traditional norms of sex and gender
(continued)

13. LGBTQQ (continued)
What are some of the issues LGBTQQ face regarding participation in recreational activities?
How has the LGBTQQ community influenced the leisure industry?
Why is planning for LGBTQQ important?

14. Ethnicity, Race, and Culture
What role might ethnicity, race, and culture play in leisure pursuits?
Cultural values of race and ethnic groups influence perceptions and behaviors.
What barriers to participation might members of an ethnic subculture face?
(continued)

15. Ethnicity, Race, and Culture (continued)
Marginality hypothesis emphasizes minority status as a causal factor in explaining underparticipation among minorities.
Ethnic hypothesis maintains that minority underparticipation or intergroup variation results from differences between racial or ethnic groups. Ethnicity attributes differences in recreation behavior to value differences based on subcultural norms.

16. Cultural Awareness
Why are cultural awareness and acceptance important?
How might leisure professionals promote cultural awareness?