1. Nation and Memory in Russia, Poland, and Ukraine
Lecture 11
The Great War
Week 1, Spring Term

2. National concepts and war aims
Outline
National concepts and war aims
Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest
3. The February Revolution
4. Outlook 2

3. Putzger, Historischer Weltatlas, pp. 106-107

4. Pavel Miliukov, leader of the liberal party (Kadets)

5. Tsar and supporter of autocracy
Russian Concepts 1914
Tsar and supporter of autocracy
Strengthening of the authority of the Tsar
Territorial gains in West and South (Constantinople)
Defeat of Germany and Austria
Occupation of East Galicia and Bukowina – Liberation of Russian (East Slavic – Ruthenian) population
To win the support of the Poles – Promise of autonomy of unified ethnic Polish territory under tsarist rule
Society
Constitutional reforms, participation of society
Territorial gains in West and South (Constantinople)
Defeat of Germany and Austria
Occupation of East Galicia and Bukowina – Liberation of Russian (East Slavic – Ruthenian) population
To win the support of the Poles – Promise of autonomy of unified ethnic Polish territory under tsarist rule

6. Józef Piłsudski
Roman Dmowski

7. Polish Concepts 1914 Piłsudski Independence
Together with Austria and Germany
Federation of Poland with Ukraine, Lithuania etc., inclusive
Rights of minorities
Jagiellonian Poland – territory in the East
Enemy No. 1: Russia
Dmowski
Autonomy of a unified Poland under tsar
Together with Russia
Polish nation state, exclusive, mainly Polish Catholics
Assimilationist
“Piast Poland” – territory in the West
Enemy No. 1: Germany

8. Mykhailo Hrushevsky,
Kost Levytsky,

9. Ukrainian Concepts 1914 Russian Ukraine Defeat of Austria
Autonomy of ethnic Ukrainian territory in a constitutional or democratic Russia
Unification of Ukraine under Tsar
East Galicia
Defeat of Russia
Autonomy (Ukrainian Crownland) in Austria, partition of Galicia and Lodomeria
Unification of Ukraine under Austrian Emperor

10. National concepts and war aims
Outline
National concepts and war aims
Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest
3. The February Revolution
4. Outlook 10

12. 1914

14. Multiethnic borderland Confessions/Religions
Lviv/Lwów/Lemberg
212,000 inhabitants
51% Roman-Catholic
28% Jewish
19% Greek-Catholic
Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria
8,016,000 inhabitants
46.5% Roman-Catholic
42.1% Greek-Catholic
10.9% Jewish
East Galicia
5,235,000 inhabitants
25.3% Roman-Catholic
12.4% Jewish
61.7% Greek-Catholics
West Galicia
2,689,000 inhabitants
88.6% Roman-Catholic
7.9% Jewish
3.2% Greek-Catholic

15. Synagogue 'Golden Rose'
One of the Khasidic synagogues
Jewish hospital
Progressive synagogue 'The Temple'

16. Одна из экзекуций О. Роман Березовский и крестьяне Лев Кобылянский и Пантелеймон Жабяк (См.стр. 31).

17. World War I

18. Destroyed Jewish settlement in Galicia, 1914 Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Kriegsarchiv
Saving sacred objects from the fire, 1914 © Österreichisches Staatsarchiv/Kriegsarchiv

19. Russian Occupation Policy
Making East Galicia Russian: Russification Ukrainians as Little Russians Persecution of Ukrainophiles Church Policy Co-operation with Polish Elites: limited success Discrimination of Jews

22. National concepts and war aims
Outline
National concepts and war aims
Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest
3. The February Revolution
4. Outlook 22

23. Revolutions in Russia
Alexander Kerenski
Vladimir I. Lenin

25. Consequences of the February Revolution
For Poles full independence now a realistic option Austrian/German offers no longer very attractive In Galicia: weakens Polish loyalty to Habsburg dynasty (also result of death of Emperor Franz Josef) Ukrainians in Galicia: still loyal – need Austrian support against Poles Most Jews loyal to Austria

26. National concepts and war aims
Outline
National concepts and war aims
Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest
3. The February Revolution
4. Outlook 26

27. Brutalisation of political and ethnic conflicts (also availability of weapons and trained soldiers)
Defeats and war related problems undermine loyalty to Austrian and Russian Empire
Possibility of national autonomy or independence have a mobilising effect on ethnic minorities in Empires
Question: who will profit more from destabilisation of old imperial order? Will there be socialist or national revolutions?

28. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression.
XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.
8 January, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (Delivered in Joint Session of the Congress, January 8, 1918)