1. Vocabulary: Suggestions. 1

2. https://eg.linkedin.com/in/rania-rafie-14663788
Rania Rafie – icecairo
9. Rania Rafie, co-founder of Up-fuse
Egypt produces 1 million tons of plastic waste, exactly the amount of rubbish that could cover the entire city of Cairo 55 times over. Furthermore, waste contaminates soil, water, and the health of the entire population…
Trendy, socially responsible, environmentally friendly: those are the cornerstones of Up-fuse – a business that makes fashionable well-designed bags out of plastic waste and turns risk into an opportunity.
Fuelled by ambition, Rania, and her friend partnered up in a small studio in Cairo to create their company. They started playing around with designs, crafting trendy bags from upcycled plastic materials, that are good for people and the environment. Furthermore, Up-fuse employs women from underprivileged backgrounds to manufacture the garments. The company started selling their products through social media and at various events. In addition to high growth, Up-fuse won an Injaz Award and joined the program of DO School in Germany. 2 2

3. Rania Rafie and Yara Yassin, co-founders of Upfuse
Environmentally friendly, socially responsible and extremely trendy: those are the principles guiding these two female entrepreneurs who decided to make fashion out of plastic waste. Firmly climbing the social business ladder, Rafie and Yassin began designing and manufacturing luggage cases from up-cycled plastic bags in a small studio they had rented in Cairo. Initially selling their products through social media and at events, the startup began to grow, obtaining an Injaz award and entering the incubation program DO School in Germany. Today, the company employs women from underprivileged backgrounds to manufacture the garments, while fighting taboos associated with wearing “garbage.”

4. http://schools. aucegypt. edu/business/aucvlab/pages/startup. aspx
Ayman Ismail, however, founder of American University in Cairo’s Venture Lab, a startup incubator that's financially backing Tatweer’s kiosk project, believes this is an effort able to connect with Cairo’s average business operator.
“Those guys are savvy, and if you offer them good value, they’ll do it,” Ismail says, referring to the kiosk vendors. “If you offer them a kiosk that’s worth $10,000 for free, that’s a substantial amount of money for anywhere, not just Egypt.”

5.
Ayman Ismail, however, founder of American University in Cairo’s Venture Lab, a startup incubator that's financially backing Tatweer’s kiosk project, believes this is an effort able to connect with Cairo’s average business operator.
“Those guys are savvy, and if you offer them good value, they’ll do it,” Ismail says, referring to the kiosk vendors. “If you offer them a kiosk that’s worth $10,000 for free, that’s a substantial amount of money for anywhere, not just Egypt.”

6. Nowadays the amount of rubbish produced on a daily basis is increasing dramatically. What are the reasons for this, and what can people do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. The amount of garbage produced is rising at an alarming rate all over the world. Many large cities are struggling with effective garbage disposal and recycling programs. Even though this remains a challenging task, through entrepreneurship many people are discovering effective ways to combine profit while still managing to help the environment. First of all, the products we buy in the shops tend to be pre-wrapped in plastic or polystyrene containers. This is particularly true for processed foods, which are becoming increasingly popular. As soon as people arrive home they tend to throw this packaging away without effective recycling programs in place. Furthermore, many stores or shops do not have recycling bins or programs intact; hence, people will simply litter on the street instead.
Nevertheless, there are some measures which people could take to help reduce the problem of rubbish. First of all, entrepreneurs around the world are attempting to combine recycling with profit. For example, Rania Rafie of Upfuse Egypt is turning plastic waste into trendy handbags and accessories. Furthermore, other entrepreneurs are also seeking to encourage recycling while establishing a profitable company. An amazing example of how entrepreneurship can help environmental problems indirectly is TATWEER Egypt. Tayssir Ibrahim, CEO of the company, came up with a brilliant business idea. Large businesses such as Red Bull and Coca Cola would renovate and maintain old kiosks all over Cairo, in return for free advertising on the kiosk. In addition, recycling bins would be available and maintained at every kiosk, which would also help the environment and encourage people to stop littering. In conclusion, reducing the amount of rubbish and litter prevention in any society is a challenging task. Nevertheless, as Upfuse and TATWEER have proven, helping the environment while still maintaining a successful business is a definite possibility in this day and age. So long as technology exists, entrepreneurship will continue to serve as an effective tool turning everyday challenges, into profitable business opportunities.

7. https://eg.linkedin.com/in/ameersherif 7 7

9. The Exceptional Youth of Egypt- 9 9

10. Entrepreneurs/Volunteers
1. Rise Up Egypt
2. Mai Medhat
3. Laila Sedky
4. Dina El-Mofty
5. Injaz Egypt
6. Armando Dunn
7. UN Volunteers
8. Dr. Ayman Ismail
9. Amad Elmsaodi
10. Wuzzuf
11. Ameer Sharif
12.
13. 10

11. The Exceptional Youth of Egypt- 11 11

13. Some people say that self employment is better than a job in a company or an institution. What is your opinion? Give reasons to support your answer. In today's world, many young people dream of becoming entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is an interesting and challenging risk, which many people consider superior to working in a company. In my point of view, I feel that becoming an entrepreneur is a risk worth taking. Nevertheless, many people fear entrepreneurship as it demands special skills, experience, patience and determination. On the one hand, self employment offers many benefits. The main advantages are that one can choose the type of work according to their own interests. A self employed person can manage their working hours, and may work at their own pace. Moreover, successful entrepreneurs can earn huge salaries and have greater opportunities to expand their company quickly. But with all these advantages, self employment first requires overcoming business fears and the risk of failure. A potential entrepreneur should have good decision and risk taking abilities to run a business successfully. Ameer Sharif, CEO of wuzzuf.com, is a primary example. He admits the road to success was not easy, and there were very difficult times he wanted to give up and return back to a “normal” job. With perseverance and patience however, Ameer succeeded as an entrepreneur, and is now helping people all over Egypt become entrepreneurs as well. On the other hand, working in a company offers regular monthly paychecks, various bonuses and incentives. An individual need not worry about the risks involved in a traditional startup. In addition, a salaried job offers a sense of security and routine work for a defined number of hours everyday. Generally speaking, a “normal job” basically offers a “low-risk” opportunity to gain experience and to save money for future ventures. Nevertheless, great achievements have never come with easy or routine work. A 9am -to- 5pm lifestyle is not part of the deal when you’re an entrepreneur. Thus to conclude, I believe entrepreneurship and self employment are more worthwhile than working in a company. Nevertheless, an individual should spend some years in a 'normal' job to first gain experience and gather finances. Entrepreneurship is not an easy dream to achieve, but for the majority of people, it is definitely a risk worth taking.

14. Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic: The idea of having only one career is becoming old fashioned. Nowadays with entrepreneurship, globalization and the internet, the new trend is to combine entrepreneurship with your interests and eventually turn it into a career. Use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and with relevant evidence. It is believed that focusing on a single career is out of date these days. The new trend is that people are becoming more and more interested in entrepreneurship, and are trying to turn it into a full-time career. I completely agree with this point of view.
First of all, it is a fact that most people in the past were loyal to their company, focused on one career and remained there until retirement. However, now with globalization and modern technology, most people have turned modern day challenges into profitable opportunities. For example, the founders of uber.com used a simple problem to create a brilliant opportunity. On a snowy Paris evening in 2008, the founders of the company had trouble hailing a cab. So they came up with a simple idea-- tap a button on a cell phone, get a ride. Today uber.com is an international company worth over 17 billion USD. This is an excellent example of how anyone can turn everyday challenges into successful business opportunities.
Second of all, many successful entrepreneurs also discover how to combine business with charity. For example, Mason Wartman was a successful investment banker in New York. Unhappy with his career, he decided to open a pizza business in Philadelphia and become self-employed. Consequently, his customers suggested a special kind of charity idea to him one day. Using the “pay it forward” method, he now combines a successful business with charity which helps homeless people everyday
In conclusion, I personally believe that most people these days are not interested in doing the same job for the rest of their life. Technology and globalization have given us opportunities our ancestors never had. By exploring internship opportunities, attending business conferences, volunteering etc., people are exposed to problems and can then discover possible solutions. Hence, this is how entrepreneurship begins for most people, and eventually becomes a very successful lifelong career. 14

16. Some people say that self employment is better than a job in a company or an institution. What is your opinion? Give reasons to support your answer. In today's world, many young people dream of becoming entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is an interesting and challenging risk, which many people consider superior to working in a company. In my point of view, I feel that becoming an entrepreneur is a risk worth taking. Nevertheless, many people fear entrepreneurship as it demands special skills, experience, patience and determination.
On the one hand, self employment offers many benefits. The main advantages are that one can choose the type of work according to their own interests. A self employed person can manage their working hours, and may work at their own pace. Moreover, successful entrepreneurs can earn huge salaries and have greater opportunities to expand their company quickly. But with all these advantages, self employment first requires overcoming business fears and the risk of failure. A potential entrepreneur should have good decision and risk taking abilities to run a business successfully. Ameer Sharif, CEO of wuzzuf.com, is a primary example. He admits the road to success was not easy, and there were very difficult times he wanted to give up and return back to a “normal” job. With perseverance and patience however, Ameer succeeded as an entrepreneur, and is now helping people all over Egypt become entrepreneurs as well.
On the other hand, working in a company offers regular monthly paychecks, various bonuses and incentives. An individual need not worry about the risks involved in a traditional startup. In addition, a salaried job offers a sense of security and routine work for a defined number of hours everyday. Generally speaking, a “normal job” basically offers a “low-risk” opportunity to gain experience and to save money for future ventures. Nevertheless, great achievements have never come with easy or routine work. A 9am -to- 5pm lifestyle is not part of the deal when you’re an entrepreneur. Thus to conclude, I believe entrepreneurship and self employment are more worthwhile than working in a company. Nevertheless, an individual should spend some years in a 'normal' job to first gain experience and gather finances. Entrepreneurship is not an easy dream to achieve, but for the majority of people, it is definitely a risk worth taking. 16

17. https://eg.linkedin.com/in/ameersherif 17 17

18. Some people think that money is the most essential factor in promoting happiness. Do you agree or disagree? What other factors contribute towards happiness?
Money is considered by many people to be one of the most important contributing factors towards happiness. In my opinion, I agree that money is definitely important. One cannot really take any steps or do anything without having some money first. Nevertheless, certain aspects in life can play a vital role in creating happiness, which will eventually lead to financial prosperity.
First of all, one way that people can gain happiness is through their work. For instance, a doctor doing volunteer work in underdeveloped countries may have very little money, but the reward of helping people brings happiness in itself. In other words, happiness can be found through job satisfaction, entrepreneurship, internships and volunteer work. An amazing example of this is Dr. Ghulam Fayez of Operation Smile - a worldwide organization which helps people with life changing surgeries correcting cleft palates and cleft lips. A Plastic surgeon in Pakistan, Doctor Ghulam has performed over 10,000 volunteer surgeries in Pakistan and around the world. His colleagues at Operation Smile always comment on his commitment and passion towards his patients. For Dr. Ghulam, happiness is using his skills and medical training to help others. In addition, Dr. Ghulam recently published a paper: “A Model Humanitarian Cleft Mission: 312 Cleft Surgeries in 7 Days,”, which won a gold medal in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open Competition. He will be recognized at the American Society of Plastic Surgeons in Los Angeles on Sunday, September 25, Hence, because of Dr. Ghulam's good deeds, he now has even more opportunities around the world as the winner of several international prizes and awards.
Second of all, another factor influencing happiness is simply having a positive attitude in life, and making good use of your time. For example, several volunteers who complete any volunteer mission, especially with the United Nations or Operation Smile, have commented on how they have discovered a new career direction in life. Whether they were employed, unemployed, or thinking of changing careers entirely, volunteering helped show them a new path, and helped them with a fresh new start in life. Having a sense of direction in life is an amazing source of happiness. Nevertheless, one must be patient and never give up.
In conclusion, dreams only come true when people take positive action. If more people strived in life towards positive use of their time, through volunteering, interning or entrepreneurship, then both happiness, and money, would eventually naturally follow.

19. https://eg.linkedin.com/in/ameersherif 19 19

20. Some people think that money is the most essential factor in promoting happiness. Do you agree or disagree? What other factors contribute towards happiness?
Money is considered by many people to be one of the most important contributing factors towards happiness. In my opinion, I agree that money is definitely important. One cannot really take any steps or do anything without having some money first. Nevertheless, certain aspects in life can play a vital role in creating happiness, which will eventually lead to financial prosperity.
First of all, one way that people can gain happiness is through their work. For instance, a doctor doing volunteer work in underdeveloped countries may have very little money, but the reward of helping people brings happiness in itself. In other words, happiness can be found through job satisfaction, entrepreneurship, internships and volunteer work. An amazing example of this is Dr. Ghulam Fayez of Operation Smile - a worldwide organization which helps people with life changing surgeries correcting cleft palates and cleft lips. A Plastic surgeon in Pakistan, Doctor Ghulam has performed over 10,000 volunteer surgeries in Pakistan and around the world. His colleagues at Operation Smile always comment on his commitment and passion towards his patients. For Dr. Ghulam, happiness is using his skills and medical training to help others. In addition, Dr. Ghulam recently published a paper: “A Model Humanitarian Cleft Mission: 312 Cleft Surgeries in 7 Days,”, which won a gold medal in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open Competition. He will be recognized at the American Society of Plastic Surgeons in Los Angeles on Sunday, September 25, Hence, because of Dr. Ghulam's good deeds, he now has even more opportunities around the world as the winner of several international prizes and awards.
Second of all, another factor influencing happiness is simply having a positive attitude in life, and making good use of your time. For example, several volunteers who complete any volunteer mission, especially with the United Nations or Operation Smile, have commented on how they have discovered a new career direction in life. Whether they were employed, unemployed, or thinking of changing careers entirely, volunteering helped show them a new path, and helped them with a fresh new start in life. Having a sense of direction in life is an amazing source of happiness. Nevertheless, one must be patient and never give up.
In conclusion, dreams only come true when people take positive action. If more people strived in life towards positive use of their time, through volunteering, interning or entrepreneurship, then both happiness, and money, would eventually naturally follow.

21. Vocabulary: Suggestions. 21

22. 22

23. IELTS Speaking/Writing basic outlines
Well, that's an interesting question.
1. In my opinion/perspective/point of view, I agree/disagree with...
2. First of all...
3. Second of all...
4. Finally...
5. Overall...Based on these reasons, I suppose..
I'm sorry, could you please repeat the question? Thank you.
1. To begin with/Generally speaking...
2. Personally I believe...
3. On the one hand...For example,
4. On the other hand...
5. But overall, I believe... 23

24. – How did you hear about this person? – Why is he/she in the news?
Describe a person from the news that you would like to speak with. Please say:
– Who is the person?
– How did you hear about this person?
– Why is he/she in the news?
That's a very interesting question. I never really gave it much thought, but it would be a privilege to meet Amad Almsaodi, the founder of aqarmap.com. To be honest, I had never even heard of his website before, nor was I even interested in entrepreneurship until a friend of mine invited me to a technology event last spring. First of all, there were several speakers at the event from around the world, including Mr. Almsaodi. Mr. Almsaodi delivered an outstanding presentation in both English and Arabic to the entire crowd. In addition, his knowledge and charisma left a very positive impression on me. You could tell he truly cared about helping others become successful entrepreneurs by his passion and body language. Overall, Amad is a very well-rounded individual – professional, smart, energetic, well educated with a very sharp vision for the future. With his enthusiasm and skills, I can tell that he will be one of the great young leaders in the Middle East. Therefore, It would truly be an honor to speak with Mr. Almsaodi, and learn more from such a brilliant individual. 24

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