1. Emerging Technologies
IFIP-UNU ADVANCED COURSE ON NETWORKING AND SECURITY Module II-Wireless Communications Section 10
Emerging Technologies

2. Overview
This module will cover new and emerging wireless technologies, both fixed and mobile. For example, ultra wideband technologies will enable users to enjoy a wide range of applications, which utilize high data-transfer rates. Next, the module will discuss Voice over IP (VoIP) and WAP and the advances it offers to consumers. Finally, the module will discuss the various wireless industry organizations and certifications and provide several case studies of wireless implementations.

3. Learning Objectives Identify basic facts about Ultra-wideband wireless
Understand basic VoIP technology and terminology
Understand basic mobile wireless systems
Identify the primary wireless organizations
Identify the primary wireless certifications

4. Key terms
UWB
VoIP
MGCP
H323
SIP
QoS
WAP
OMA

5. Ultra-wideband Wireless

6. UWB Definition
The first UWB systems should be able to deliver bandwidth in the 40 to 60 Mbps range, with expectations of very high data transmission speeds, from 100 to 500 Mbps, across distances of 5 to 10 m (16.4 to 32.8 ft). Eventually, UWB could even hit data speeds in the 1-Gbps range, and reach distances of up to 2 km (1.2 miles).

7. UWB Frequency Allocation
UWB radio spectrum is from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. This applies to UWB communications applications with full incidental radiation power. Outside the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band, signals must be attenuated by 12 decibels (dB), with 34 dB of attenuation required in areas near the GPS-frequency bands.

8. UWB Power Levels
Unlike traditional communications systems, UWB wireless occupies a broad span of frequencies at very low power levels, often below the noise floor of the existing signaling environment.
This low-power output also means that UWB range is sharply restricted to distances of 100 m (328 ft) or less, and sometimes as little as 10 m (32.8 ft).

9. VoIP and Voice over WLANs

10. VoIP Overview
Voice traffic and services is expected to become one of the next major application areas to take full advantage of IP. This expectation is based on the impact of VoIP technologies, which are sometimes referred to as IP telephony

11. Call Signaling and Control
There are four different standardized signaling and call-control protocols used for VoIP:
H.323
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
H.248/Megaco
Cisco IP Telephony utilizes Skinny for call control, but is moving towards SIP.

12. H.323
H.323 is an International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications (ITU-T) standard that defines a packet-based multimedia communications system. H.323 defines a distributed architecture for transporting multimedia applications over LANs. Because of its early availability and its evolution to address the needs of VoIP, H.323 is currently the most widely used VoIP signaling and call-control protocol. International and domestic carriers rely on H.323 to handle billions of minutes of use each year

13. SIP
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a protocol developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a simpler alternative to H.323. Like H.323, SIP defines a distributed architecture. Unlike H.323, SIP only defines how sessions are to be set up and torn down. It utilizes other IETF protocols to define other aspects of VoIP and multimedia sessions.

14. MGCP and H.248
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), also known as IETF RFC 2705, defines a centralized architecture for creating multimedia network applications, including VoIP. H.248 is the result of a joint collaboration between the ITU-T and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). H.248 is also referred to as IETF RFC 2885 and as the Multimedia Gateway Control Protocol (Megaco). H.248 also defines a centralized architecture for creating multimedia applications. In many ways, H.248 builds on and extends MGCP.

15. 802.11e
802.11e is an emerging wireless standard that will bring QoS capabilities to WLANs to enable reliable voice conversations. The IEEE e standard is a MAC level enhancement that works with b and a physical layers, as well as the upcoming g physical layer.

16. Mobile Wireless

17. Mobile Technology Evolution

18. Mobile Wireless Cellular Topology
Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)

19. WAP Middleware

20. Cisco CTE 1400 Series Content Transformation Engine

21. WAP and IP Comparison

22. Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
There is a 3G-reference architecture, promoted by Cisco and partners, which is based on open interfaces. The architecture was previously supported through the Mobile Wireless Internet Forum (MWIF), which ceased operation at the end of The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) is now continuing the technical work of the forum

23. Wireless Hot spots
Another important trend for the future of wireless products is hot spots. A hot spot is a location where a WLAN is publicly accessible. Airport lounges, airlines, hotel lobbies, book stores, restaurants, and coffee shops are several examples of hot spots. This trend will facilitate the integration of WLANs and the mobile WAN.

24. Hot spot trend
On the Road solution can extend network access and help mobile professionals become more productive on the road, while improving customer service and maximizing the value of company network resources. For more convenient, real-time connectivity, airports, airplanes, hotels, convention centers, and coffee shops across the country have increasingly deployed wireless LAN hotspots. In fact, there are more than 3,500 wireless LAN hotspots in the United States today, and according to the Gartner Group, this figure will grow to more than 21,000 worldwide by the end of Gartner also estimates that there are currently 3.9 million global users of hotspots, and that this figure will increase to 63.8 million users by 2007.
This means wireless designers, installers, and administrators will be in demand.

25. Wireless Communities
There are groups around the world which are developing wireless communities. The concept uses WLAN technology to create a free, locally owned wireless backbone which bypasses service providers.
Portland Personal Telco Project

26. “HackSpots”
There is a big need for wireless security. There are many open networks, home and business, which create “hot spots” for attackers. A “hack spot” is an unintentional open wireless network which is publicly accessible.

27. Wireless Organizations and Certification

28. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Alliance
The Wi-Fi Alliance is a non-profit international association formed in Wi-Fi was formed to certify interoperability of WLAN products based on the IEEE specification. The Wi-Fi Alliance currently has 202 member companies from around the world. Over 580 products have received Wi-Fi certification since certification began in March of The goal of the Wi-Fi Alliance is to enhance the user experience through product interoperability. To ensure interoperability among brands, the Wi-Fi Alliance works with technical-standards groups like the IEEE and with companies that are developing future generations of wireless networking gear.

29. WLAN Association (WLANA)
The WLANA is a non-profit educational trade association. WLANA members include the leaders and technology innovators in the local-area wireless technology industry. Through the vast knowledge and experience of members, WLANA provides information about WLAN applications, issues, trends, and upcoming industry events

30. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
The FCC is an independent U.S. government agency under the U.S. Congress. The U.S. FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is responsible for regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable

31. European Telecommunications Standardization Organization (ETSI)
ETSI is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to produce the telecommunications standards that will be used throughout Europe and beyond. Based in France, it has 912 members from 54 different countries, which extend beyond Europe. ETSI represents administrations, network operators, manufacturers, service providers, research bodies, and users.

32. Summary Identify basic facts about Ultra-wideband wireless
Understand basic VoIP technology and terminology
Understand basic mobile wireless systems
Identify the primary wireless organizations
Identify the primary wireless certifications