1. Plant Evolution and Classification
Biology I Chapter 28
Plant Evolution and Classification

2. Do Now
Why is fungus not considered to be a plant?

3. The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably green algae.
Evolution
The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably green algae.

4. Adaptations to Land Conserving water Reproducing on land
Absorbing minerals from the rocky surface

5. Preventing Water Loss
Cuticle-the waxy protective covering of a land plant
Stomata-openings that regulate the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

6. Reproducing by Spores and Seeds
Spore-haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard outer wall
Seed-embryo surrounded by a protective coat.

7. Absorbing and Transporting Materials
Vascular Tissue-an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels
Xylem-transports water and minerals to the stems and leaves.
Phloem-carries sugar
in any direction

9. Do Now
How do we classify plants?

10. Classifying Plants
Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)-do not have true vascular tissue nor true roots, stems, or leaves
Vascular plants (Tracheophytes)-have vascular tissue, roots, stems, and leaves

11. Classifying Plants Seedless plants-plants that reproduce using spores.
Seed plants-plants that produce seeds for reproduction.
Gymnosperms-produce seeds that are not enclosed in a fruit
Angiosperms-seed plants that produce seeds within a protective fruit.

12. Alternation of Generations
Alternation of Generations-Alternation between a haploid stage and a diploid stage in a plant’s life cycle

13. Alternation of Generations
Sporophyte-The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle
Vascular plants dominate

14. Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte-The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle
Non-vascular plants dominate

15. Know for test!!!

16. Nonvascular Plants Most primitive of all plants Seedless
Produce spores
Are very small in height
Need water to reproduce sexually
Crash Course-Non-Vascular Plants

17. Phylum Bryophyta Moss “pioneer plants”
Rhizoid-a root like structure that anchors bryophytes

18. Phylum Bryophyta Peat Moss
Major component of bogs in northern parts of the world
Produces an acid that slows down decomposition in the swamp like bogs.

20. Phylum Hepatophyta
Liverworts

21. Phylum Anthocerophyta
Hornworts

22. Vascular Plants
Contain specialized conducting tissues that transport water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another.
Vascular Plants

23. Seedless Vascular Plants
Reproduce using spores
Dominated the Earth until about 200 million years ago.

24. Phylum Psilophyta
Whisk Ferns

25. Phylum Lycophyta
Club Mosses

26. Horsetails “Scouring rushes”
Phylum Sphenophyta
Horsetails
“Scouring rushes”

27. Ferns Originated over 350 million years ago.
Phylum Pteridophyta
Ferns
Originated over 350 million years ago.

28. Rhizome-Underground stem
Phylum Pteridophyta
Rhizome-Underground stem

29. Fiddleheads-densely coiled new leaves Frond-mature fern leaves
Phylum Pteridophyta
Fiddleheads-densely coiled new leaves
Frond-mature fern leaves

30. Seed Plants
All seed plants contain a seed containing an embryo, a nutrient supply, and a protective coat

31. Seed Plants
Seed plants are the dominant land plants because the seeds they produce enable the plant to survive in a dormant state when conditions are not suitable for growth.

32. Gymnosperm “Naked seed” Seed plants with uncovered seeds.
First land plants to evolve seeds
Conifers produce cones to protect their seeds
The tallest trees in the world

34. Phylum Cycadophyta
Cycads

35. Phylum Ginkgophyta Gingko biloba
Flourished during the time of the dinosaurs, but today only have one species
“Living fossil”

36. Phylum Coniferophyta
Important source of wood, paper, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees

37. Phylum Gnetophyta
Ephedra
Welwitschia

38. Phylum Anthrophyta Angiosperm “Enclosed seed”
Characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit
Fruit-ripened ovary that surrounds the seeds of angiosperms
The primary purpose of the fruit is to disperse seeds.
Ovary-female part of the flower that encloses the egg.

40. Cotyledons-part of a seed that provides food for the embryo.

41. Contains one cotyledon Parallel venation
Monocot
Contains one cotyledon
Parallel venation

42. Dicot
Plant that has flower parts that occur in multiples of four or five
Net Venation
Contains two cotyledons

43. Essay
Draw the Alternation of Generations cycle. Be sure to include which types of plants dominate during each stage.

44. Plant Cells and Tissues
Biology I Chapter 29
Plant Cells and Tissues

45. Plant Tissue
As plants grow, their cells become specialized for particular functions.
Tissue patterns vary in each plant’s roots, stems, and leaves, and according to the plant’s stage of growth.

46. Plant Cells
Plants have unique structures including a central vacuole, plastids, and a cell wall.

48. Biology I Chapter 30
Plant Reproduction

49. Gymnosperm Reproduction

50. Angiosperm Reproduction
Sepal-protects the outer part of a developing flower before it opens
Petal-showy part of flower used for insect attraction
Stamen-male reproductive structures
Anther-contains pollen
Filament-supports the anther

51. Angiosperm Reproduction
Pistil-female reproductive structures
Stigma-traps pollen grains
Style-stalk-like structure that rises from ovary
Ovary-contains eggs

52. Angiosperm Parts

53. Angiosperm Reproduction

54. Pollination
The process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma in angiosperms
Immediately followed by the pollen tube beginning to be formed.

55. Pollination
Self-pollination-pollination that involves two genetically identical plants
Does not produce new genetic variations.
Cross-pollination-pollination that involves two genetically different plants
Produces new genetic variations.

56. Fertilization
Fertilization-the union of haploid gametes resulting in a diploid zygote
Double Fertilization-one
sperm fuses with an egg to
form an embryo, and another
fuses with two nuclei to form
nutritive tissue

57. Seed Germination Germination-The development of a seed into a seedling
Dormancy-A seed or plant that remains inactive for a period of time

58. Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is advantageous when plants are well adapted to their environment.
Reduces genetic variety

59. Plant Propogation
Tuber—fleshy, underground stem specialized for storage
Bulb—underground stem with thick, fleshy leaves

60. Runner- above ground stem that produces new plants
Rhizome—underground stem that produces new plants
Crash Course-Plants
Amoeba Sisters-Angiosperm Reproduction