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Electrostatics Herron Physics, Unit 7.

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Presentation on theme: "Electrostatics Herron Physics, Unit 7."— Presentation transcript:

1 Electrostatics Herron Physics, Unit 7

2 (greek for indivisible)
Democritus, 460 BC He pounded up materials in his pestle and mortar to reduce them to smaller and smaller particles which he called atoma ATOMA (greek for indivisible)

3 Atoma—Ground up particles; dust

4 John Dalton, 1808 Suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them atoms. ATOM

5 Atom—Tiny spheres

6 JospePh John (J.J.) Thompson, 1904
Found that atoms could sometimes eject a far small negative particle which he called an electron. Thompson developed the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within a sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge ELECTRON PLUM PUDDING MODEL

7 Electron/Plum Pudding

8 CENTRAL NUCLEUS PROTON
Ernest Rutherford, 1910 Fired Helium nuclei (very small atoms) at a piece of gold foil which was only a few atoms thick. They found that most of them passed through. A small number were deflected and, to their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back. Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more detailed model with a central nucleus. He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical attraction CENTRAL NUCLEUS PROTON

9 CENTRAL NUCLEUS PROTON
Ernest Rutherford CENTRAL NUCLEUS PROTON

10 Central Nucleus/Protons

11 ELECTRON ORBITS Niels Bohr, 1913
Bohr refined defined the location of the electrons. He said that the electrons were in set orbits, rather like planets orbiting the sun. Each orbit is only able to contain a set number of electrons. ELECTRON ORBITS

12 Bohr’s Atom Niels Bohr, 1913 nucleus ELECTRON ORBITS

13 Electron Orbits—Electrons move in set orbits around the nucleus

14 NEUTRON James Chadwick, 1932
Discovered the neutron. He found it to measure slightly heavier than the proton with a mass of 1840 electrons and with no charge (neutral). NEUTRON

15 Introduction of the Neutron

16 QUARK Murray Gell-Mann, 1964
Proposed the existence of a new level of elementary particles and called them "quarks.“ These quarks made up the protons and neutrons of the nucleus. He thought there existed at least three types of quarks. They have the names, "up," "down," and "strange." From 1974 thru 1984 the theory predicted three more quarks called "charm," "bottom" (or beauty), and "top" (or truth). QUARK

17 Quark—Smallest known particles; groups of 3 make up protons and neutrons

18 atom Structure + - proton electron neutron Orbital/shell HELIUM

19 Particle Symbol Charge Mass
atom Structure Particle Symbol Charge Mass Proton p+ + 1 Neutron n0 Electron e— — Very small (use 0) Neutral atom: p+= e—

20 Periodic Table

21 Periodic Table Atomic Number Element Symbol p+ e— Element Name
(Only in a Neutral Atom!) Element Name Mass Number Average Atomic Mass **Round this to the nearest whole number to estimate mass number p+ n0 #n0 = mass # – #p+

22 electrons Electrons arranged in Shells around the nucleus of an atom.
1st shell maximum of 2 electrons 2nd shell maximum of 8 electrons 3rd shell maximum of 18 electrons 7p+ 7n0

23 Charged Objects Positive Objects: Lose e— Negative Objects: Gain e — Objects cannot gain or lose p+

24 Electric Force and Charge
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When you brush your hair and scrape electrons from your hair, the charge of your hair is A. positive. negative. both A and B. neither A nor B. A. positive.

25 Electric Force and Charge
CHECK YOUR ANSWER When you brush your hair and scrape electrons from your hair, the charge of your hair is A. positive. negative. both A and B. neither A nor B. Your hair loses electrons to the brush, making it positive. A. positive.

26 Electric Force and Charge
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When you brush your hair and scrape electrons from your hair, the charge of your brush is A. positive. negative. both A and B. neither A nor B. A. positive.

27 Electric Force and Charge
CHECK YOUR ANSWER When you brush your hair and scrape electrons from your hair, the charge of your hair is A. positive. negative. both A and B. neither A nor B. Your brush gains electrons from your hair, making it negative. A. positive.

28 Electric Force and Charge
Fundamental rule for electricity: Like charges repel; opposite charges attract.

29 ELECTRIC FORCE Forces occur between two or more charged objects The stronger either charge is, the more the force The more distance between the objects, the less force

30 Shocking! If you reach for a metal doorknob after walking across a carpet, you might see a spark. The spark is caused by extra electrons moving from your hand to the doorknob.

31 Conductor! A material in which electrons are able to move easily is a conductor. The best electrical conductors are metals. Conductors are used in electric wires Copper Silver

32 Examples of Conductors
silver copper gold aluminum iron steel brass bronze mercury graphite dirty water concrete the human body

33 Not a Conductor! A material in which electrons are not able to move easily is an insulator. Most plastics are insulators. Insulators can protect you from shocks Coating on electrical wires Wearing rubber boots in hazardous areas near electricity

34 Examples of Insulators
glass rubber oil asphalt fiberglass porcelain ceramic quartz (dry) cotton (dry) paper (dry) wood plastic air diamond pure water

35 Conductors and Insulators
Semiconductors are materials that can be adjusted to be good conductors or good insulators Superconductors are certain metals that become perfect conductors at temperatures near absolute zero (really, really cold!).

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