1. Instructions: Create a detailed paragraph answering our Essential Question. Include important concepts about each idea in the bubble and the connecting ideas. You may use the template below to help organize your thoughts.

2. WHOT Week 8 3/27
During the video, write down one predatory/prey relationship and one symbiotic relationship

3. 3/28
Last semester we learned about Madeline, a girl who suffered from anorexia and was losing weight at an unhealthy rate.
Where did her mass go?

4. Let’s Look at your pre-test.
In a separate colored writing utensil, fix your answers for #’s 1-3

5. DNA-Quick Write: Do the Cells…
the same functions?
the same proteins?
the same DNA?
Explain your thinking!

6. Does the DNA in your body change as you go through puberty
Does the DNA in your body change as you go through puberty? Explain your thinking.

7. What changes occur to a salmon when it spawns?
Does the sequence of a salmon’s DNA change when it spawns?
Do the salmon’s proteins change when it spawns?

8. How does DNA work? Where in the cell is the DNA?
if DNA can’t get out of nucleus, what carries the information it contains out to the cell?
Bonus review… What part the cell makes proteins?

9. How does DNA get its information to the cell?
Information stored in DNA determines which proteins can be made by a cell.
Proteins determine most characteristics of a cell and organism.
Ribosomes are where proteins are made.
How do ribosomes know what proteins to make?

10. Information flow from DNA to trait
Ribosomes are where proteins are made.
How do ribosomes know what proteins to make?
Stored in nucleus
DNA
protein
Observed trait
Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus ?

11. Information flow from DNA to trait
messenger
RNA
Observed trait
DNA
protein
Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus
Stored in nucleus

12. mRNA: the messenger
mRNA transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes.
Ribosomes build proteins according to the mRNA information received.

13. Compare/Contrast DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid
Deoxyribose sugar
Double stranded
Thymine (T)
RNA
Nucleic acid
Ribose sugar
Single stranded
Uracil (U)

14. In RNA T goes to U Can you spot the difference?
Can you spot the difference?

15. DNA information  mRNA information
messenger
RNA
DNA
Transcription is the process used to convert DNA information into mRNA information.
Note: DNA does not become RNA; the information in DNA is copied into RNA.

16. Compare/Contrast DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
Thymine
RNA
Nucleic acid
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
Uracil (instead of Thymine)

17. Think back to our unit on cells…
Where is DNA located in the cell?
Where is protein made in a cell?
Grab a book if you need a reminder…. or find your “Cell Components” handout.

18. Different Sugars DNA RNA Can you spot the difference?
Can you spot the difference?

19. Different Bases Can you spot the difference?
Can you spot the difference?

20. DNA: double stranded
RNA: single stranded

21. Homework
DNA Transcription Practice

22. Biology Take out your “Transcription Practice” worksheet.
Check with your neighbor – did you get the same answers?
Warm Up:
What is the difference between:
mRNA, tRNA and rRNA?

23. Give an example of a trait Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus
Week 8: /29
Copy below and Fill in the Red boxes under your
“The Central Dogma of Biology”
Stored in nucleus
DNA ?
Observed trait
Give an example of a trait
Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus

24. Compare/Contrast DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
A,T,C,G
RNA
Nucleic acid
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
A,C,G, Uracil (instead of Thymine)

25. Give an example of a trait Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus
Transcription
To get from DNA  mRNA
Stored in nucleus
DNA ?
Observed trait
Give an example of a trait
Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus
mRNA

26. Compare/Contrast DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
Thymine
RNA
Nucleic acid
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
Uracil (instead of Thymine)

27. Transcription of RNA from a template strand of DNA
RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA and makes a complimentary sequence.

28. What would the mRNA code be for this strand?
If the DNA code is this:
ATGCTCAATGTATTT
TACGAGTTACATAAA 5’ 3’ 3’ 5’
What would the mRNA code be for this strand?

29. Rules of transcription- Just like DNA replication except
-Replace all Thymines with Uracils.
Use your normal base pairing rules.
T  U

30. Give an example of a trait Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus
Translation
To get from mRNA  Protein
Stored in nucleus
DNA
protein
Observed trait
Give an example of a trait
Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus
mRNA

31. There are 20 types of amino acids.
There are 20 types of amino acids.
Amino acids are protein subunits (like deoxyribonucleotides are DNA subunits and ribonuleotides are RNA subunits).

32. The “code” of translation
mRNA nucleotides are translated in groups of 3 called codons.
AUGCACUGCAGUCGAUGA
CODONS

33. Each codon is made of 3 base pairs acids
Each codon is made of 3 base pairs acids. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.
For example:
mRNA codon amino acid
AAU asparagine
CGC arginine
GGG glycine
20 different amino acids can be used in different combinations to form a protein.
How does the cell figure out what order they go in?

34. Start Codon
Every single protein in the entire world starts with the same codon.
AUG – Start – (met)

35. So now that the ribosomes have a “message”, how do they turn it into a protein?
Translation!
What does the term “translation” mean?
Change from one language (or code) to another.
Translation turns the code of RNA into PROTEIN.

36. The “code” of translation
mRNA nucleotides are translated in groups of 3 called codons.
AUGCACUGCAGUCGAUGA
CODONS

37. There are 20 types of amino acids.
There are 20 types of amino acids.
Amino acids are protein subunits (like deoxyribonucleotides are DNA subunits and ribonuleotides are RNA subunits).

38. WHOT 3/30 ATGCTCAATGTATTT TACGAGTTACATAAA AUGCUCAAUGUAUUU5’ 3’
TACGAGTTACATAAA
AUGCUCAAUGUAUUU 3’ 5’
Transcribe and Translate the DNA
Use the bottom strand as the template for mRNA

41. Each codon is made of 3 base pairs acids
Each codon is made of 3 base pairs acids. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.
For example:
mRNA codon amino acid
AAU asparagine
CGC arginine
GGG glycine
20 different amino acids can be used in different combinations to form a protein.
How does the cell figure out what order they go in?

42. Use this table to TRANSLATE your mRNA sequence into AMINO ACID sequence.
Textbook: Page 303
*AUG is a special case. It is the stop/start codon for Eukaryotes
The amino acid it codes for is methionine (met)

44. Translate this DNA sequence into an AMINO ACID sequence.
Homo sapiens DRD2 receptor
DNA: ATG CCC ACT ACA ACT ACT TAA
TAC GGG TGA TGT TGA TGA ATT
mRNA: AUG CCC ACU ACA ACU ACU UAA
Amino A: Met
Pro
Thr
Thr
Thr
Thr
STOP
Note that one amino acid can be coded by several different nucleotide sequences! This is called “wobble”.
When you hit a STOP codon, you’ve found the end of the amino acid sequence.

45. What are the steps and components of the TRANSLATION process?
mRNA- the message to be translated into protein.
Amino acids- the building blocks that are linked together to form the protein.
Ribosomes- the “machines” (located in the cytoplasm) that carry out translation.

46. Use the remaining time to work on independent practice.

47. WHOT Week 8 3/27
During the video, write down one predatory/prey relationship and one symbiotic relationship

48. 3/28
Last semester we learned about Madeline, a girl who suffered from anorexia and was losing weight at an unhealthy rate.
Where did her mass go?

49. Give an example of a trait Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus
Week 8: /29
Copy below and Fill in the Red boxes under your
“The Central Dogma of Biology”
Stored in nucleus
DNA ?
Observed trait
Give an example of a trait
Made by ribosomes outside of nucleus

50. WHOT 3/30 ATGCTCAATGTATTT TACGAGTTACATAAA AUGCUCAAUGUAUUU5’ 3’
TACGAGTTACATAAA
AUGCUCAAUGUAUUU 3’ 5’
Transcribe and Translate the DNA
Use the bottom strand as the template for mRNA

51.
We’ve already seen this video, lets see how much more we understand now
37min

52. Learning Target: (haven’t used)
Warm Up – Take out a sheet of paper match the following Protein Synth pieces to their appropriate construction job.
Blueprints
Workers
Master Plan
Foreman’s Office
Construction Site
Building materials
Finished Building
Nucleus
Ribosomes
DNA
Protein
Cell
mRNA
Amino Acids

53. Define each word, and describe how they are involved in translation
Week 9 4/3
Reminder: Cell phones in backpacks, backpacks at side of the room
Define each word, and describe how they are involved in translation
the message that gets the information from the nucleus to the ribosome
mRNA-
Amino acids-
Ribosomes-
the building blocks that are linked together to form the protein.
the “machines” (located in the cytoplasm) that make proteins.

54. Am I a carrier?
Pg 170
AQ 1-6 #6A and C only

55. Ryan Clark

56. 4/4 TAC
Use the flow chart from the central dogma to describe how a change in 1 letter of DNA changes the protein from normal to sickle cell.
DNA
mRNA
protein
Observed trait
transcription
translation
protein function
(enzyme activity)
Change here 1 2 3

57. Should babies be sequenced?
As a class, we will read a story about sequencing babies DNA when their born?

58. Title: Genetic Engineering Dilemma
Task #1: Tuesday (4/4/17)
Task #2: Wednesday (4/5/17)
A new law will make it mandatory to sequence the genetic code of ALL newborn children.
Task: State your position….for or against AND defend your position.
Task #3: Thursday (4/6/17)
Task #4: Friday (4/7/17)

60. Protein Synthesis
4 roles
mRNA – Go to the nucleus and get the code from the DNA. Must write down bases that compliment the DNA…and use “U” instead of “T”.
Ribosome – stays at the ribosome “lab table”, reads the message from mRNA..each 3 letters is a codon, and tells tRNA which anticodon to get.

61. tRNA – goes to the cytoplasm and gets the correct complimentary anticodon (one at a time) and returns it to the ribosome.
Ribosome – turns the anticodon over and writes down the word.
Check your sentence with Pollard to see if it is correct. It must be correct before you can move on to the next one.

62. For full credit you must complete 4 sentences correctly.
Each additional sentence completed correctly will be worth 2 extra credit points.

63. What are the steps and components of the TRANSLATION process?
tRNA (transfer RNA)- brings an amino acid to the mRNA and ribosome.
One end of a tRNA molecule has a specific amino acid.
The other end has an anticodon that complements a mRNA codon.

64. The protein chain is built one amino acid at a time.

65. Amino acid tRNA Ribosome mRNA Anti-codon
C C G
N C H
C U A
N C -
U C U
N C +
U C C
N C +
Amino
acid
N C S
C U G
N C -
tRNA
C C A
N C H
U A C
Anti-codon
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Ribosome
mRNA
Use the code on page 303 to translate the mRNA sequence.

66. Amino acid tRNA Ribosome mRNA Anti-codon U C C C C G C U A U C U U A C
N C H
C U A
N C -
U C U
N C +
U C C
N C +
Amino
acid
N C S
C U G
N C -
tRNA
C C A
N C H
U A C
Anti-codon
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Ribosome
mRNA

67. Codon U A C U C U A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N CS
U C U
N C +
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Codon

68. N C S
U C U
N C +
C U G
N C -
U A C
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Codon

69. A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
N C S +
C U G
N C -
U C U
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

70. N C S +
C U G
N C -
U C U
C C A
N C H
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Codon

71. A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
N C S + -
C U G
C C A
N C H
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

72. N C S + -
C U G
C C A
N C H
C C G
N C H
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Codon

73. A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
N C S + - H
C C A
C C G
N C H
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

74. A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
N C S + - H
U C C
N C +
C C A
C C G
N C H
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

75. A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
N C S + - H
U C C
N C +
C C G
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

76. A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
N C S + - H
U C C
N C +
C U A
N C -
C C G
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

77. A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
N C S + - H
C U A
N C -
U C C
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

78. STOP Codon Release factor C U A U C C A U U
N C S + - H
C U A
N C -
U C C
Release factor
A U U
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
STOP Codon

79. Chain of amino acids (polypeptide)
N C S + - H
C U A
A U U
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

80. + - H N C S + - C H N S
N C S + - H + - C H N S
Protein folding

81. + - H N C S
Functional protein

82. The steps of translation
Do you have all the steps? Check your procedure against the animation!

83. Transcription & translation:

84. Biology
Check your Transcription & Translation procedure with a partner.
Are you missing any steps?
If you are, make sure to add them in!
Friday: Exam & Homework Collection

85. What are the steps of transcription?
In the nucleus, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA molecule at the promoter sequence.
RNA polymerase separates the DNA strand and uses the TEMPLATE strand to TRANSCRIBE a pre-mRNA copy, using free ribonucleotides.
In eukaryotes, the completed pre-mRNA strand is “edited”, removing introns. The remaining exons are spliced together, forming the mRNA.
mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where it binds a ribosome.

86. What are the steps of translation?
The ribosome scans the mRNA molecule until it finds a START codon (AUG = Methionine).
The tRNA with the anticodon that complements the START codon on the mRNA binds to the first site on the ribosome.
Another tRNA with the anticodon that complements the second codon on the mRNA binds to the second site on the ribosome.

87. Translation continued….
4. A peptide bond forms between the first two amino acids that were linked to the first two tRNA molecules.
5. The first tRNA seperates from its amino acid and leaves, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon.
6. The next tRNA brings in the next amino acid, and a peptide bond is formed between this amino acid and the growing amino acid chain.
7. The process continues with the ribosome moving along the mRNA molecule and the amino acids linking together until a STOP codon is reached.

88. The AMINO ACID sequence of a protein determines its 3-D shape and function.
Interactions between amino acids and their environment cause folding and bending of the chain.
Examples:
Positive (+) and negative (-) parts of amino acids are attracted to each other.
Hydrophobic regions are repelled by aqueous solutions and fold up next to each other.
Folding
Structure levels
structure.swf

89. How does your DNA determine your traits?
mRNA
protein
Observed trait
transcription
translation
protein function
(enzyme activity)
Traits are determined by the function of proteins.
Protein function is determined by protein shape.
Protein shape is determined by amino acid sequence.
Amino acid sequence is determined by DNA sequence.

90. Your question today must include tRNA

92. Learning Target: /2
I can list the different types of mutations and describe how they can effect an organism.
Warm Up – Answer the following questions
In your own words describe what you think a mutation is.
Are mutations always bad?

93. Mutations
What happens if there is a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence?
Sometimes mutations cause NO effect on the observed trait!
Some mutations can cause subtle effect,
Some mutations cause dramatic effects on observed traits in individuals and populations.

94. Mutations during DNA replication can lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of proteins.
A T G G C T C T A A G T
DNA sequence: T A C C G A G A T T C A
mRNA sequence: A U G G C U C U A A G U
amino acid sequence: Met -- Ala -- Leu -- Ser
mRNA sequence: A U G G C U A U A A G U
amino acid sequence: Met -- Ala -- Iso -- Ser T

95. How does this mutation change the amino acid sequence?
(Original) T T A C G T A T A C G T
DNA sequence: A A T G C A T A T G C A
mRNA sequence: U U A C G U A U A C G U
amino acid sequence: Leu Arg Ile Arg
(Mutated) T T A C G T A T A C G T
DNA sequence: A A T G C G T A T G C A
mRNA sequence: U U A C G C A U A C G U
amino acid sequence: Leu Arg Ile Arg
This is known as a SILENT mutation

96. 3 types of mutations T Substitution Insertion Deletion
T A C C G A G A T T C A T
Substituting one nucleotide for another.
T A C C G A T
G A T T C A
Inserting one or more nucleotides
T A C C G A
G A T T C A
Deleting one or more nucleotides

97. Think of it this way… THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
Substitution: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAR ATE THE RAT
Insertion : THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FRAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FRA TCA TAT ETH ERA T
Deletion: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT TE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT

98. It’s your turn….
Complete both sides of the “Mutations Practice” handout.
You will learn how some mutations can affect the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Consider how severe of an effect each mutation would have on the ability of the protein to function.

99. 4/3
“I can summarize and analyze the different steps of DNA replication and Protein Synthesis”
Warm Up –Directly in Journal.
Write a paragraph making an analogy between protein synthesis and a book
DNA
Chromosome
Gene
Protein
Amino Acid
Book
Chapter
Paragraph
Sentence
Word

100. Think about it….
We’ve studied replication, transcription, and translation. A mistake in which of these processes would result in a mutation?
All three! But only a mistake in REPLICATION gets passed down to daughter cells.

101. Mutation Practice
Which mutations had the biggest effect on the protein sequence? WHY?
Which mutations had the smallest effect on the protein sequence? WHY?
Which examples would you predict to have the biggest effects on a trait? WHY?
Which examples would you predict to have the smallest effects on a trait? WHY?

102. Different types of mutations happen
Substitution
Insertion
Deletion
T A C C G A G A T T C A T
T A C C G A T
G A T T C A
T A C C G A
G A T T C A

103. Frameshift mutations
One or more than one nucleotide can be added or deleted with insertion and deletion mutations.
If the number of nucleotides is not a multiple of 3, it is called a frameshift mutation.
Why do we call this a frameshift mutation?
Can substitution mutations cause frameshifts? Explain why or why not.
Students discuss in partners/small group
Discuss briefly as class
Students write answers INDIVIDUALLY (no talking answers to question on notecard and pass in for assessment)

104. Consequences of mutations…
If a mutation in sperm or egg DNA is not fixed, the new sequence of DNA is passed on to offspring.
Over generations, more mutations accumulate.
As a result, differences occur between people’s DNA sequences!

105. How much variation in DNA exists between 2 people?
Hemoglobin (beta) gene sequence from person A

106. How much variation in DNA exists between 2 people?
Hemoglobin (beta) gene sequence from person B

107. How much variation in DNA exists between 2 people?
About 1 in every 1,000 nucleotides is different between 2 people
(0.1% difference means 99.9% identical)
We have about 3 billion nucleotides in all, so that means there are about 3 million nucleotide differences between 2 people

108. What is the observed effect of mutations?
No Effect
(think about it: are there 3 million differences between 2 people?)
Why?
Some mutations code for the same amino acid
Most mutations are in sequences of DNA between genes.
Variation – there are a variety of traits in a population.

109. Variation can lead to genetic diseases (p. 346-348)
Many alleles are harmless, but some can cause specific diseases.
One disease caused by a single mutation in the gene encoding hemoglobin is sickle cell anemia.
Human b-hemoglobin
GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG
Hu b-hemoglobin (sickle cell allele)
GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG

110. DNA Fun Facts: Did you know?
Each human cell has 3.2 billion bases of DNA that must be copied each time a cell divides
If you were to copy one base per second, it would take the human genome 96 years to replicate before a cell could divide.

111. Replication of DNA and Chromosomes
Speed of DNA replication: 3,000 nucleotides/min in human ,000 nucleotides/min in E.coli
Accuracy of DNA replication: Very precise (1 error/1,000,000,000 nt)
AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and function

112. The “Central Dogma”
AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and function

113. Q: Where is a gene located in DNA?
A: All over the place.
Human chromosomes consists of stretches of DNA that have information (genes) interspersed with stretches of DNA that don’t seem to contain genetic information.