1. The Mongols & Eurasian Migrations 1200-1500
Mr. Ermer
World History AP
Miami Beach Senior High

2. Happening Now Americas Europe Middle East Africa
1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan
: Inca Empire
Europe
1215: Magna Carta signed in England
: Hundred Years War
1454: Gutenberg Bible printed
Middle East
1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate
1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople
Africa
: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca
1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa

3. Rise & Rule of The Mongols
Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia
Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters
Slave labor, tribute clans
Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations
Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron
Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism
Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women
: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader
Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh punishment for enemies
: Empire stretches from China to Iran
: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei
Established capital at Karakorum
Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors
: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary
1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublai declares himself Khan
1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China
Other Mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations

5. Genghis’s Family of Khans
Genghis Khan r
Jochi
Batu r
Golden Horde of Russia
Jagadai r
Jagadai Khanate
Ögödei r
Güyük r
Tolui
Möngke r
Khubilai r
Yuan Emperor
Hülegü r
Il-khan Emperor

6. Mongol Domains, 1300

7. Mongols & Islam
Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of Baghdad
Cultures difficult to reconcile
Il-Kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia
Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in Palestine, Lebanon
Convert to Islam in 1295
Khanate of Jagadai North Central Asia
Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert
Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science
Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle East and India

8. Responses in Western Eurasia
Russia
Golden Horde rules from Sarai in south
Granted privileges to Orthodox Church
Russian language dominates
Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials
Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols
Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers
Power and population shifts north
Late 1400s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar
Anatolia and Eastern Europe
Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge (Lithuania, Serbia)
Ottoman Turks establish sultanate in Anatolia
1453: Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed Istanbul

10. Mongols In China
Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues
Yuan successes:
Secure transportation & communication
Eurasian cultural & population exchange
Transmission of information, ideas, and skills
Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture
Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential
Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city
Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese
Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties
Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty
Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established

12. Ming China Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes Emperor Hongwu
Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture
Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof)
Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing
Espouses Confucian view of imperial power
Declares war on “barbarians”
Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia
Silver replaces paper money
Emperor Yongle ( ) reintroduces Mongol ideas
Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City
Reopens relations with rest of Asia
Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He)
Ming China not as innovative as Song China
Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth

13. East Asia & The Mongols Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule
Mongol threat forces centralization
Korea conquered, local traditions thrive
Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence
After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and trade, move capital to Seoul
Renew study of Confucian classics
Breakthrough in printing technology

14. Japan and Annam Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols Annam
Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure
Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement
Annam
After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa
United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam