1. DTT Booster – EDEXCEL CORE
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DTT Booster – EDEXCEL CORE
Waves in the Earth and Universe
THERAPY Topic P1.3 P1.4   
Commissioned by The PiXL Club Ltd. February 2016
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
This resource is strictly for the use of member schools for as long as they remain members of The PiXL Club. It may not be copied, sold nor transferred to a third party or used by the school after membership ceases. Until such time it may be freely used within the member school.
All opinions and contributions are those of the authors. The contents of this resource are not connected with nor endorsed by any other company, organisation or institution.
The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number

2. How to deliver the DTT Booster
Administer the short diagnosis test.
Mark the test.
Work through the therapy slides completing the model questions and answers.
Complete the question slides for students to self or peer assess.
Administer the final test.

3. Conduction and convection
Edexcel – Waves in the Earth and Universe P1.3 P1.4 – Continental drift
Model Questions
What evidence
does the diagram
provide that
continents have
drifted away from each other over time?
2. What evidence was needed to show that these continents really were once joined together?
Model Answers
Continents appear to have once “fitted” together as one super-continent.
Where the continents once joined there should be evidence of similarities in rock structure and the type of fossils found.
Continental Drift – the land mass that continents are part of slowly move around the surface of the Earth.
Wegener proposed this model when he noticed similarities in rock types and fossil records on parts of continents which seem to fit together.
Plate Tectonics - the continents are part of plates which make up the Earth’s crust.
Where these plates meet, hot magma (liquid rock) rises, by convection, and forces the plates apart.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

4. Conduction and convection
Edexcel – Waves in the Earth and Universe P1.3 P1.4 – Seismic Waves
Model Questions
Look at the distance /
time graph for seismic
waves following an
earthquake. Which line
represents a P wave and
which an S wave?
2. Try to calculate the
speed of wave A after it has been travelling
for 12 minutes.
Speed = distance
time
Model Answers
A is the S wave as it travels slower than the P waves.
Speed = km
12 mins
= 333km/min
Earthquakes - create seismic waves which travel around and through the Earth.
Two common seismic waves are P (primary) and S (secondary) waves.
P waves are longitudinal waves, move faster than S waves and can travel through both solids and liquids. S waves can only travel through solids so they can not penetrate the core of the Earth A B
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

5. Conduction and convection
Edexcel – Waves in the Earth and Universe P1.3 P1.4– Life Cycle of Stars
Stars are formed in clouds of gas and dust, known as nebulae. Nuclear reactions in the core of stars provides energy to make them shine for many years. The life of a star depends on its size. Massive stars burn their fuel faster than smaller stars so only last a few hundred thousand years. Smaller stars, however, will last for billions years because they burn their fuel slowly. Eventually, however, the hydrogen fuel that powers the nuclear reactions within stars will run out. They will expand, cool and change colour to become red giants. The path they follow beyond that depends on the mass of the star.
Model Questions
What force attracts particles together to
form larger objects in a stellar nebula?
What determines how long a star is stable for?
What is a supernova?
Model Answers
Gravity attract the particles together.
How quickly it burns up its fuel.
A massive explosion of a star.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

6. Conduction and convection
Edexcel – Waves in the Earth and Universe P1.3 P1.4 – Observing the Universe
Model Question
Explain why observatories are usually sited at the top of mountains.
Model Answer
This minimises the amount of atmosphere they are looking through.
Less air pollution at high altitude.
Less light pollution.
Likely to be above clouds.
Ground-based telescopes are usually located in highly elevated areas with low light pollution. In space, however, telescopes are able to get a clearer images of stars and galaxies. Another disadvantage for ground-based telescopes is that the Earth's atmosphere absorbs much of the infrared and ultraviolet light that passes through it. Space telescopes can detect these waves.
The disadvantages of space telescopes like the Hubble is that they are extremely difficult to maintain and upgrade. They are also very expensive to put into space.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

7. Conduction and convection
Edexcel – Waves in the Earth and Universe P1.3 P1.4 – Expanding Universe
Model Questions
What do you know about the distance of a galaxy if it has a bigger red-shift?
What is the relationship between a bigger red-shift and the velocity of a galaxy?
Try to describe what is meant by an “expanding Universe”.
Model Answers
1. Bigger red-shift means it is further away.
Bigger red-shift means it is moving faster (higher velocity).
The Universe is expanding in all three dimensions so all galaxies are moving further away from each other like dots on a balloon which is being inflated.
The Expanding Universe
Hubble made two important observations:
The light from all the distant galaxies is red-shifted.
The further away the galaxy the bigger the red-shift.
This means:
All the distant galaxies are moving away from us.
The further away the galaxy, the faster it is moving away.
We would not see these patterns in the red-shifts just because we, or the galaxies, are moving through space, but it is what we would see if space was expanding.
This is why scientists think we live in an Expanding Universe.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

8. P1.3 P1.4 Waves in the Earth and Universe - Questions
What is Continental Drift?
What type of wave is a seismic S wave?
What is a stellar nebula?
Why is a telescope in space needed to estimate the size of the Universe?
Explain why light from a galaxy moving away from us has it’s light shifted to the red part of the spectrum.

9. P1.3 P1.4 Waves in the Earth and Universe - Answers
What is Continental Drift? The movement of tectonic plates, with their associated continents, around the Earth over long periods of time.
What type of wave is a seismic S wave? Transverse
What is a stellar nebula? A large, irregular collection of dust and gas spread out in a cloud in space.
Why is a telescope in space needed to estimate the size/age of the Universe? Need to collect radiation from the very edge of the Universe. Only space telescopes can see clearly enough to do this.
Explain why light from a galaxy moving away from us has it’s light shifted to the red part of the spectrum. As the galaxy moves away the light it emits is stretched into a longer wavelength. Red light has a longer wavelength than other colours of light.

10. Final test DTT Booster Students now complete the final test.
Compare this to what they achieved in the diagnostic test.