1. Raider Rev! Monday, August 29th
Explain how navigation has changed over the years.
Be sure to write the question and your response on this week’s “Raider Rev!” notes sheet – you’ll turn it in on Friday.
Lastly, be prepared to share-out your thoughts in class.

2. The Evolution of Map Making and Navigation
Celestial Navigation: the action of finding one's way by observing the sun, moon, and stars.
The sextant (pictured bottom right) was invented almost simultaneously by John Hadley (England) and Thomas Gidfrey (United States) in 1731.

3. The Evolution of Map Making and Navigation
Invented by the Chinese, the magnetic compass was first used as early as 206 BCE (Before Common Era). Although it’s been made somewhat obsolete by satellites and global positioning systems, its impact on early navigation and exploration was instrumental.

4. The Evolution of Map Making and Navigation
After the successful launching of 24 satellites (between ), the Global Positioning System (GPS), sometimes referred to as Navstar, became fully operational in GPS uses multiple satellites to triangulate a person’s position with an accuracy of 7.8 meters (25 feet) at a 95% confidence level.

5. Earth Systems - Chapter 1.3
Mapping Our World

6. Learning Objectives
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of different types of maps.
Differentiate between the equator and the prime meridian.
Explain what makes topographic maps different from other maps.
Demonstrate mastery of locating points on the Earth’s surface by their latitude and longitude.
Define key words/terms: latitude, longitude, equator, prime meridian, International Date Line, globe, hemisphere, map, contour lines

7. 1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface
Determining Location
1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface
Latitude and longitude are lines on the globe that are used to determine location.
Latitude is distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees.
Longitude is distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.

8. 1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface
Maps and Mapping
1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface
 No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place. Mapmakers have, however, found ways to limit the distortion of shape, size, distance and direction.

9. Maps and Mapping Mercator projection
Rectangular; longitude lines are parallel; direction shown accurately; Although first created in 1569, this map is still used by sailors toady
Sizes and distances distorted

10. Maps and Mapping Robinson projection
Most distances, sizes, and shapes are shown accurately
Distortions around the map edges

11. Maps and Mapping Conic projection
Made by wrapping a cone of paper around a globe at a particular line of latitude; great accuracy over small areas; good for roads and weather maps
Lots of distortion on most of the map

12. Maps and Mapping Gnomonic projection
(pronounced: nomonic projection)
Made by placing a piece of paper on a globe so it touches a single point on the globe’s surface; shows the shortest distance between two points; used by sailors and navigators
Exact distance and directions are distorted

13. Maps and Mapping Topographic Maps
A map that shows relief features of the Earth's surface by means of contour lines that show changes in elevation; often used by hikers and the military
Contour lines are lines on a topographic map that indicate an elevation. They are the brown lines on the map.
Contour interval is the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines. The contour interval varies from map to map but the interval can be found listed in the scale of the map.

14. Maps and Mapping

15. Check-Up!

16. Advance Technology Remote Sensing
The scanning of the Earth by satellite or high- flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.

17. Example of Remote Sensing
Google Maps:

18. Latitude vs. Longitude: Tips to Remember
Latitude is always given before longitude (49° N 100° E)
Latitudes are parallel, but longitudes are not
Degrees West and South are sometimes referred to as negative degrees (-12° -23° is the same as 12 S 23 W)
A place's latitude effects its climate, but its longitude does not
Key longitude lines are the Prime Meridian (0°) and the International Date Line (180°)

19. What are your Questions?

21. Vocabulary Review Latitude
Lines running horizontally; they measure distance north and south
Lines running vertically; they measure distance east and west from the Prime Meridian
Longitude

22. Vocabulary Review Prime Meridian Marks 0-degrees on the longitude line
Marks 180-degrees on the longitude line (the opposite side of the prime meridian); travelling east subtract one day; going west adds a day
International Date Line

23. Vocabulary The two hemispheres formed by the equator
Northern & Southern Hemispheres
The two hemispheres formed by the equator
The two hemispheres formed by the prime meridian and the 180-degree meridian
Eastern & Western Hemispheres

24. Vocabulary Review
Equator
The line of latitude around the middle of the Earth that marks o-degrees
Globe
A spherical model of Earth

25. Vocabulary Review
Map
A graphic representation of a portion of the Earth’s surface, as seen from above, drawn to scale
Contour Lines
Imaginary lines on a topographic map that represent elevation