1. Ch 19 Elements Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
Alkali and Alkali Earth Metals
Ionic Bonding, Metallic Bonding, Covalent Bonding
Bellwork:
List 8 ways that elements are important in your life. (Write on your packet.)

2. What are we going to learn today…
Use the periodic table to identify the characteristics and properties of metals, nonmetals, metalloids

3. Metals Describe the properties of a typical metal
Identify the alkali metals and alkali earth metals
Differentiate among three groups of transition elements

4. Metals Good conductors of heat and electricity
Reflect light – shiny (luster)
Solid at room temp (except Mercury Hg is a liquid at room temp)
Malleable – can be hammered or rolled into sheets
Ductile – Can be drawn into wires

5. Bonding in Metals – Ionic Bonds
Generally have 1-3 valence electrons in outer shell
Metals tend to give up electrons easily because of strength of charge of protons in nucleus
Metals + Nonmetals
Atoms of metals lose electrons to atoms of nonmetals
Both atoms become more chemically stable when they form ions
Take on electron structure of nearest noble gas

6. Bonding in Metals – Metallic Bonding
Positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons
Outer-level electrons are not held tightly to the nucleus of an atom
Electrons move freely among many positively charged electrons
Electrons form a cloud around metal ions
Explains many properties of metals1
1. Malleable, ductile – metal does not break because ions are in layers that slide past one another without losing attraction to electron cloud
2. Good conductors of electricity because outer-level electrons are weakly held

7. Nonmetals Recognize Hydrogen as a nonmetal
Compare and contrast properties of the halogens
Describe properties and uses of the noble gases.

8. Nonmetals CHNOPS – biologically important elements
Usually gases or brittle solids at room temp
Not malleable
Not ductile
Not shiny
Most are not good conductors of heat or electricity
Most of the human body is made up of Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Calcium (metal) makes up 4% of body
Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine
CHNOPS – biologically important elements

9. Bonding in Nonmetals Ionic Bonds Nonmetals + Metals
Nonmetals become negative ions
Metals become positive ions
Potassium Iodide (KI)
Nonmetal I becomes neg (I-)
Metal K becomes pos (K+)
Covalent Bonds
Nonmetal + Nonmetal
Atoms share electrons
Ammonia, NH3
Carbon Dioxide , CO2

10. Alkali Metals Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Softer than other metals
Most reactive – react violently with oxygen and water
Don’t occur in nature in elemental form (stored under oil or gas)
One electron in outer shell
Electron is given up when bonded
Alkali metal becomes positively charged ion
Ionic forms of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are critical to human health
Lithium (Li) treats bipolar disorder
Radioactive element – nucleus breaks down, gives off particles and energy
Francium (Fr) very rare and radioactive

11. Alkaline Earth Metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Combine so readily with other elements that they are not found as free elements in nature
Two electrons in outer energy level
Electrons given up when bonding to nonmetal
Becomes positively charged ion (Ca2+)
Magnesium (Mg) – Fireworks, light but strong metal, chlorophyll is a Mg compound
Calcium (Ca) – makes bones strong, muscle contraction, nerve transmission
Barium (Ba) – used in diagnostic medical testing of digestive system

12. Transition Elements Groups 3 - 12
Iron Triad – Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni) – create steel
Coinage Metals – Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu) – coins, jewelry, copper wiring, photographic film
Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) – coat or plate other metals for protection, rechargeable batterie
Mercury (Hg) – silvery, liquid metal at room temp
Thermometers
Bioaccumulates in fish and can cause mercury poisoning in people

13. Inner Transition Metals
Lanthanides
Actinides
Lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pm), samarium (Sa)
compound used expensively in the motion picture industry
Radioactive, unstable
Thorium (Tm) – used for making glass in high-quality camera lenses because it bends light without much distortion
Uranium (U) – nuclear reactors, weapons, photographic toner

14. Nonmetals - Hydrogen 90% of all atoms in universe are Hydrogen
Most is found in compound H2O
Hydrogen = “water forming”
Diatomic molecule – consists of two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond
Highly reactive – single electron shares in covalent bonds
Hydrides - Can gain an electron when it combines with alkali metals and alkali earth metals
Sodium Hydride NaH

15. Nonmetals - Halogens F, CL, Br, I, At
Halogen lights – Br, I
Very reactive in elemental form
Fluoride - toothpaste, water
F most chemically active
Etch glass, frost lightbulbs
Chlorine – water disinfectant
I sublimates
7 valence electrons
Halogen + Metal = Salt (Ionic Bond)
NaCl
Gaseous State – reactive diatomic covalent molecules
Colorful
At has no known use

16. Nonmetals Noble Gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Isolated atoms
Stable – outer energy level full
No naturally occurring compounds known
Some created in lab
Stability makes them useful
Blimps, balloons, neon signs, electric lightbulbs, lasers

17. Mixed Groups - Metalloids
Distinguish among metals, nonmetals and metalloids
Describe the nature of allotropes.
Recognize the significance of differences in crystal structure in carbon.
Understand the importance of synthetic elements.

18. Mixed Groups - Metalloids
Group 13 – Boron Group
Group 14 – Carbon Group
Group 15 – Nitrogen Group
Group 16 – Oxygen Group
Group 17 – Halogens
Contain metals, nonmetals and metalloids

19. Properties of Metalloids
Can form ionic and covalent bonds with other elements
Have metallic and nonmetallic properties
Semiconductors – some metalloids can conduct electricity better than most nonmetals, but not as well as some metals
Located along the stair step…except for Aluminum (Al) which is a metal

20. Boron Group 13 - B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
Borax – water softener and laundry detergent
Boric Acid – roach powder
Aluminum
Most abundant metal in earth’s crust
Soft drink cans, foil wrap, cooking pans, siding
Strong and light – used in airplanes

21. Carbon Group 14 – C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
Carbon - nonmetal
Coal - elemental C
Many organic and inorganic compounds
CO2 – inorganic – plants use CO2 and sunlight it to make C6H12O6
Organic C compounds are the building blocks of life
All organic compounds contain carbon, but not all carbon compounds are organic.

22. Carbon Group 14 – C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
Silicon (Si) – metalloid
Sand (SiO2), rocks, soil
Structure similar to diamonds
Allotropes – different forms of same element, different molecular structures
Main component of semiconductors – elements conduct electric current under certain conditions
Electronics, computers

23. Carbon Group 14 – C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
Germanium (Ge) – metalloid also used in semiconductors
Tin (Sn) – metal - coats other metals to avoid corrosion (tin cans)
Bronze, pewter
Lead (Pb) – metal - used in paint years ago but toxic

24. Allotropes of Carbon
Diamonds – clear, hard crystal - each C bonded to 4 C’s in tetrahedron in strong, crystalline structure
Graphite – black powder – hexagonal layers of C atoms that slide over each other – each C bonded to 3 C’s and 4th electron weakly bonded to next layer
Buckminsterfullerene – buckyballs – soccer ball shaped – used to make nanotubes (1 billionth of a meter in diameter)

25. Nitrogen Group 15 – N, P, As, Sb, Bi
Share electrons, covalent bonds
Nitrogen (N) - Nitrates, ammonia in fertilizer
Fourth most abundant element in body
80% air you breathe is diatomic N2
Don’t use in N2 form… must be combined into compounds like amino acids

26. Nitrogen Group 15 – N, P, As, Sb, Bi
Phosphorus (P) – nonmetal, three allotypes
Water softener, fertilizer, matches, fine china
Arsenic (As) - toxic
Antimony (Sb) – metalloid -
Bismuth (Bi) – metal, Pepto-Bismol

27. Oxygen Group 16 – O, S, Se, Te, Po
Oxygen (O) – nonmetal, makes up 21% of air
Diatomic O2 – living things on Earth need it for respiration
Ozone O3 – protects Earth from sun radiation
Sulfur (S) – nonmetal
Selenium (Se) – nonmetal – multivitamin

28. Synthetic Elements
Some created by smashing existing elements with particles accelerated in a heavy ion accelerator
Nuclear reactors, bombs
Americium in smoke detectors
Transuranium – anything over 92 protons – not metal, nonmetal or metalloid
Synthetic, unstable, disintegrate quickly, radioactive
Flerovium #114 – only 90 atoms, over 30 sec which is pretty long…#112 only lasts sec