1. COMP541 Combinational Logic - 3
Montek Singh
Sep 12, 2016

2. Today’s Topics Synthesis: Schematic drawing conventions
from truth table to logic implementation
Schematic drawing conventions
Non-Boolean values
“Don’t Cares”, or X values
“Floating values”, or Z values

3. Mechanically Go From Truth Table to Function

4. From Truth Table to Logic Equation
Consider a truth table
Standard sum-of-products implementation
OR of all product terms that are 1
For each row where output is 1
write the minterm
called “ON-set minterm”
OR all of these minterms

5. Standard Forms Not necessarily simplest F Definitions:
But it is a systematic way to go from truth table to function
Definitions:
“Literal”: a single variable, complemented or not  Ā
“Product terms”: AND of literals  ĀBZ
“Sum terms”: OR of product terms  X + Ā
This is logical product and sum, not arithmetic

6. Definition: Minterm
Product term in which all variables appear once (complemented or not)
each minterm is 1 in exactly one row, 0 elsewhere

7. Number of Minterms For n variables, there will be 2n minterms
Like binary numbers from 0 to 2n-1
Often numbered same way (often in decimal)

8. Maxterms
Sum term in which all variables appear once (complemented or not)
each maxterm is 0 in exactly one row, 1 elsewhere

9. Minterm related to Maxterm
Minterm and maxterm with same subscripts are complements
Example

10. Implementation: Sum of Minterms
OR all of the minterms of truth table row with a 1
“ON-set minterms”
F = m0 + m2 + m5 + m7

11. More General: Sum of Products
Simplifying sum-of-minterms can yield a sum of products
difference is that each term need not be a minterm
i.e., terms do not need to have all variables
Ex:
Implementation is still AND-OR
but products may contain fewer literals
simplifies to:

12. Two-Level Implementation
Sum of products has 2 levels of gates
ANDs followed by an OR
equivalently: NANDs followed by a NAND

13. More Levels of Gates? What’s best? Hard to answer
More gate delays (more on this later)
But maybe we only have 2-input gates
So multi-input ANDs and ORs have to be decomposed

14. Complement of a Function
Definition: 1s & 0s swapped in truth table
Mechanical way to derive algebraic form
Take the dual
Recall: Interchange AND and OR, and 1s & 0s
Complement each literal

15. Complement of F Not surprisingly, just sum of the other minterms
sum of “OFF-set minterms”
Example:
F = m0 + m2 + m5 + m7
F’ = m1 + m3 + m4 + m6
simplifies to:

16. Product of Maxterms
Recall that maxterm is true except for its own case
So M1 is only false for 001

17. Product of Maxterms
Can express F as AND of all rows that should evaluate to 0
i.e., product of OFF-set Maxterms!
why?
a row in which F=0 (OFF-set)…
… has a Maxterm that is 0
which makes the product 0 or

18. Complement of F Can express F’s complement similarly: or
product of ON-set Maxterms!
why?
a row in which F=1 (ON-set)…
… has a Maxterm that is 0
which makes F’ zero or

19. More General: Product of Sums
Simplifying product-of-Maxterms can yield a product of sums
difference is that each term need not be a Maxterm
i.e., terms do not need to have all variables
Ex:
Implementation is still OR-AND
but each sum may contain fewer literals
simplifies to:
HOW??  homework problem
(hint: distributive property)

20. From Equations to Gates
Simply parse the Boolean equation and replace each operator with a gate
AND, OR, NOT gates
parentheses indicate hierarchy
Example:

21. Recap Working (so far) with AND, OR, and NOT Algebraic identities
Algebraic simplification
Minterms and maxterms
Can now synthesize gate-level implementation from truth table

22. Drawing Style Indicate inputs and outputs using arrows
or: inputs at left/top, outputs at right/bottom
If possible, gates should flow from left to right
or: top to bottom
Straight wires best
or: keep bends at a minimum (preferably 90 deg)
Connections:
wires always connect at a “T” junction
a dot at a wire crossing indicates connection
wire crossing without a dot means no connection

23. Circuit Schematic Rules (cont.)
Wire connections
A dot where wires cross indicates a connection
Wires crossing without a dot make no connection
Wires always connect at a T junction

24. Multiple Output Circuits: Example
Output asserted
corresponding to
most significant
TRUE input
Example: Priority Encoder Hardware

25. Example: Priority Encoder Hardware (contd.)
Y3 has 8 minterms, Y2 has 4 minterms, Y1 has 2 minterms and Y0 has 1
without simplification: 15 AND gates + 3 OR gates
with simplification, a much smaller circuit (method discussed later)

26. Values that are not 0’s and 1’s
Don’t Cares (X)
Floating values (Z)

27. X values X is neither 1 nor 0 Unknown Don’t Care Illegal
typically used to represent “unknown” or “illegal” values
Unknown
e.g., an uninitialized value in a simulator
in hardware most flipflops will wake up to a 1 or a 0 value
but could be different each time it wakes up
Don’t Care
an output specified as X means “don’t care”
i.e., left unspecified: whatever comes out is okay
Illegal
e.g., contention at output
two gates fighting

28. Actually: Several Meanings of X
When used to specify an input value
Means: “Don’t Care”: this particular input variable’s value does not matter when determining the output
Example: Output F is 1 when the inputs A, B, C are 1X1
Means F = AC // B is a Don’t Care
Unknown/uninitialized signal
If a simulator cannot determine the value of a signal, it will display it as X
Other values that depend on this signal may also become X
Contention (illegal input value)
Sometimes a simulator will use X to denote the value of a node that is being pulled both to 0 and to 1
Example: Outputs of two gates are shorted; or a gate has p-transistor and n-transistor network simultaneously on!

29. Don’t Cares (X) More compact representation!
Example: Priority Encoder Hardware

30. Z values Also neither 1 nor 0 Could be undesirable:
but actually “floating”
i.e., the output is neither connected to 0 (ground) nor to 1 (power supply)
Could be undesirable:
actual voltage is highly susceptible to noise
e.g., neighboring wires/gates could easily influence value
Could be by design:
useful in buses, memories, multiplexers, etc.
usually one gate drives a wire to a 1 or 0
all others “float” their outputs
example: tristate buffers/inverters
cover in next lecture
tristate buffers

31. Next Detour Back to combinational logic overview of transistors
common building blocks