1. Cellulose Derivatives Chemistry & Applications
Andrew C. Hoefler
Brookside Consulting

2. Cellulose - Without Substituents
Or more Pictorially

3. “Chains” of Cellulose in Wateror

4. Manufacture of CMC R-OH + NaOH -----> R-O-Na+ + H2O
Step One:
R-OH + NaOH -----> R-O-Na+ + H2O
Step Two:
R-ONa + Cl-CH2-COONa -----> R-O-CH2-COONa

5. Idealized Structure of Cellulose Gum

6. Pictorial Representation - Cellulose Gum

7. 7H3SCF CMC Nomenclature 7 = D.S. 7 & 9 = Food 12 = Pharm.
H = Viscosity Grade
H = High
M = Medium
L = Low
S = other
properties
S = smooth flow
O = Acid tested
F = Grade
F = Food
P = Pharm.
C = Part. Size
C = Coarse
No letter = Regular
X = Fine
3 = More viscosity
Information
3 = 3000 cps

8. Some Typical Viscosity Values
For printing

9. Solution Viscosity vs Concentration
10,000
1000
100 10
7H4F
Viscosity
(cps)
7MF
7LF
CMC Concentration

10. Effect of Degree of Substitution on CMC
0.7
0.9
1.2 7 9 12
For printing
Increase Increase Decrease Increase

11. Uniformity of Substitution
Even
Uneven
Hairy region
Smooth region
Hairy region

12. Uniformity of Substitution Non-Uniform = Thixotropic
Uniform = Smooth Flow
Non-Uniform = Thixotropic

13. Visual Representation of Thixotropy
Thixotropic Flow
Smooth Flow

14. Hydration of Sugar Compared to CMC
all gone
CMC
all gone
Time >

15. Hydration Difficulties when Dry CMC Particles are too Close Together
Making CMC Solutions I
Hydration Difficulties when Dry CMC Particles are too Close Together
Just Before Contacting Water
Just After Contacting Water

16. Making CMC Solutions II
CMC Particles which are Slightly Separated from Each Other
Just Before Contacting Water
Just After Contacting Water

17. A. B. C. D. Dissolving Cellulose Gum ADD CELLULOSE GUM FIRST
AVOID LUMPS A. B.
Disperse in non-solvent
(Oil, Glycerine, PG,
Alcohol, High SS syrups)
Separate the Particles
with Sugar, CCS, or
other non-swelling
ingredients C. D.
Careful Addition
to Vortex
Eductor
Funnel

18. Hercules Mixing Device ( Eductor )

19. ADD CMC FIRST
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

20. Cellulose Gum in NaCl Solutions Molal Concentration of Cation
300
200
100 80 40 20 10
Salt Added After CMC
Apparent
Viscosity
(cps)
Salt Added
Before CMC
Molal Concentration of Cation

21. Cellulose Gum in Salt Solutions Viscosity in Centipoise
For printing

22. Various Cations Added to 1% CMC Solutions
600
400
200
100 80 40 20
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O
Viscosity
(cps)
NaCl
HCl
CaCl2. 2H2O
Molal Concentration of Added Cation

23. Temperature (degrees C)
Viscosity versus Temperature
10,000
1,000
100 10
1% 7HF
Viscosity
(cps)
2% 9M8F
1% 9M31F
2% 7LF
Temperature (degrees C)

24. Shear Rate (Reciprocal Seconds)
Viscosity versus Shear Rate
10,000
1,000
100 10
Apparent
Viscosity
(cps)
Shear Rate (Reciprocal Seconds)

25. CMC Tolerance to Ethanol Volume Ratio of Ethanol to 1% CMC Solution

26. Galactomannan Interactions
10,000
6000
4000
3000
Observed
Viscosity
(cps, 25C)
Predicted
% CMC
% Guar

27. CMC: Key Functions Viscosity Organizes water Thickens Forms Films
Controls Water or Sugar Crystal Growth

28. Food Applications of CMC
Masa Mixes
Cake Mixes
Frostings & Icings
Pie Fillings
Doughnut Mixes
Dairy Products
Pancake Syrup
Dry Mix Beverages
Pet Foods
Animal Feed ( Pelleted )

29. Cellulose Gum in Sugar Solutions
Additive Viscosity Increase
Decreased Syneresis
Reduced Rate of Crystalization
Reduced Crystal Size

30. Photomicrographs of Sucrose Crystals

31. Summary: Cellulose Gum
CMC
thickening / viscosity
water organizing
film forming
optically transparent solutions
ethanol tolerant