1. THE GROWING POWER OF WESTERN EUROPE, 1640-1715
Chapter Four

2. Civilization
Western civilization radiated from Paris into a zone of about 500 miles.
Within this zone the most rapid changes occurred
For over 200 years it was the center of the earth’s cultural diffusion, beginning in the 17th century
The growing power of western European states

3. Trading companies, science and cultural instiutions had a profound impact on the rest of Europe, the Americas, and eventually the whole world.
The ruin of the HRE, subsiding of religious wars, decline of Spain and fading out of Italian Renaissance gave way to the rise of

4. England (domestic discord)
The Dutch (few in number)
And the French, had the greatest role.
The half of century following the Peace of Westphalia (When?)
is called the Age of ?
“The Age of Louis XIV”

5. The Grand Monarque and the Balance of Power
In 1643 he inherited his throne
At the age of FIVE
He took over personally at 23
Reigned for 72 years
No one else in modern history had such a powerful position for so long a time.
He was the actual head of the government
He made France the strongest country in europ

6. Using French $$$ for bribes or other inducements
He built up pro-French interest in almost every country from England to Turkey
His policies, method of government, administration, diplomacy, became the model
France was the leader in thought, fashion, literature, architect, gardens, food, manners, and language.

7. Louis the XIV
The Sun King
Louis the Great
The Grand Monarque

9. Spain, the sick man of Europe
Social decline
Economic decline
1665 inherited by Charles II
Imbecilic
Impotent
A product of generations of inbreeding
Could not have children

10. Spanish branch of ________ family would die out with his death
The future of Spain, holdings in America, Spanish Netherlands, and holdings in Italy
He live until 1700
What do you think occurred at his death?

11. Louis XIV married a sister of Charles II
Hoped to take advantage of his brother-in-law’s disabilities in carrying out his expansionist ambitions

12. Louis’s Expansionist Policies
I. Extend French border to the Rhine
Taking ?
Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)
The Franche-Comte’ (Free County of Burgundy) (French speaking)
II. ? He was related to Charles II
Get all Spanish inheritance for himself

13. How to make France supreme?
He intrigued with smaller and mid-sized countries
Contacted dissidents of countries against him
If successful, he would have created the “universal monarchy”
The balance of power was the tool used to stop him as it was used (headed by France) to stop the Habsburg Empire

14. The Dutch Republic (section 18)
Republics included:
The Swiss cantons,
Venice,
Genoa,
England for a few years
The United Provinces

15. The United Provinces was
the wealthiest,
most flourishing
Most important in international diplomacy
Most important in culture

16. Dutch acquired a nationality of their own, and a pride in their own freedom and independence.
During 30 Years War, Dutch were able to use wealth and diplomacy rather than actual fighting
That allowed (during the 17th Century) for a level of comfort and intellectual, artistic, and commercial achievement unexcelled in Europe

17. Dutch achievements
Classic Dutch poets and dramatists wrote and allowed the spoken dialect to become a literary language
“Law of War and Peace” by Hugo Grotius a treatise on international law
Baruch Spinoza, from a a family of Portuguese Jewish refugees, turned out philosophical works, also, was a lens grinder

18. Lens grinders in Holland developed the microscope
Leeuwenhoek, Swammerdam and others become the founders of modern biological science.
Christian Huyghens ( ) greatest Dutch scientist – physics, math-improved the telescope (Dutch invention), made clocks with pendulums, discovered Saturn’s rings, and

19. Huyghens also launched the wave theory of light
Balthasar Bekker, World Bewitched, anti-witchcraft book

20. Dutch Painters Frans Hals, common people Jan Vermeer, burgher class
Rembrandt, the mystery of human consciousness (see page 149)

21. Masters of the Cloth Guild

22. St. Joseph’s Dream

23. Read page 150, Vermeer’s geographer

24. Baroque The artistic style of the 17th century
Fascination with lighting,
Interior spaces
Naturalistic image of human beings
Distinctive colors or subtle hues
In Holland, Baroque usually scenes from everyday life
Other Baroque artists identified with Catholic Church, Peter Paul Rubens

25. Raising of the Cross, Rubens

26. Religion in the United Provinces
TOLERATION
Calvinists divided into
The followers of the original doctrine of predestination and
Followers of theologian Arminius (condemned in 1618)
In 1632 Arminians were tolerated,
toned down doctrine of predestination

27. Catholic minority received rights
Jews were accepted
Despised sects like the Mennonites were tolerated
No group had political or economic rights equal to the Calvinists
All these groups stimulated the intellectual life and commercial enterprise of Holland

28. Dutch Exploration 1600 they had 10,000 ships
17th century owned most of the shipping in northern Europe
Carriers between Spain, France, England, and the Baltic
Settled in Bordeaux to buy wines
Lent money to vinters
Soon owned many vineyards in France

29. Dutch sailed every sea
Entered Pacific by SA and named Cape Horn after Hoorn in Holland
Dutch East India Co. of 1602, replaced Portuguese in India and Far East
Founded Batavia in Java, Jakarta today
1600 reached Japan and beginning in 1641 were Japan’s sole link to west.
1612 founded Manhattan
1621 est. Dutch West India Co.
Colonies in Brazil, Caribbean, (Caracas, Curacao)
1652 capture Cape of Good Hope from Portuguese
Moved inland took over khoikhoi, descended from these settlers are the Afrikaner people

30. The Bank of Amsterdam Founded 1609 European money in chaos
Coins minted by cities, states, private persons
Debased coins mixed in with non-debased
B of A took all coins evaluated the gold and silver content and exchanged them for gold florins minted by the bank
Florins had a standard weight and purity which people could rely on
It became an internationally sought $$$ and accepted everywhere

31. Depositors could write checks.
Safety of deposits were guaranteed by govt. and attracted deposits from all over thus allowing the bank to make loans
Amsterdam was the financial center of the world until the French Revolution

32. Dutch Politics
Power was a seesaw between burgher and princes of Orange.
Burghers- pacifistic and business oriented
Princes – responsible for military security
When threatened with invasion stadholder had power
1650 William II died, no new stadholder elected for 22 years

33. William of Orange William III born 1650, 8 days after dad died.
Grave, reserved, small, stocky, thin lips and a determined spirit
Spoke Dutch, German, English, and French.
Understood Latin, Italian and Spanish.
Practiced Dutch Calvinism
Lived plainly, hated flattery, disliked the pompous and social conversations.

34. Opposite of the Sun King, his enemy
1677 married the king of England’s niece, Mary Stuart

35. Dutch Foreign Affairs 1651 England passed the Navigation Act
This would have bad consequences for Dutch shipping-the main source of income.
This led to a series of 3 wars.
1667 Louis XIV claimed the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte (saying his Spanish wife had rights)
He brought his army to the Sp. Netherlands

36. Balance of Power kicks in
Dutch allied with English and Sweden = the Triple Alliance
Louis withdrew from the Spanish Netherlands
In 1672 Louis XIV attacked again crossing the Spanish Netherlands with forces 5X larger than the Dutch
3 of the 7 Dutch provinces were occupied
William was elected stadholder in 6 provinces

37. 1673 stadholderate was made hereditary in the house of Orange
William attempted to centralize
United Provinces were a decentralized patrician republic until 1795

38. Meanwhile,
William formed an alliance with Denmark, Brandenburg, and with the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
Louis XIV was forced into negotiations
Peace signed in 1678, Treaty of Nimwegen
Dutch preserved territory
Louis got Franche-comte and towns in Flanders

39. King of England 1689 William of Orange became King of England
England was a great addition to the Balance of Power against France

40. 19. BRITAIN: THE CIVIL WAR
Britain played no significant part in the 30 Years War
Were not at the table for the Peace of Westphalia
In the 1640’s Britain was engaged in a civil war
Milder than the Wars of Religion
Between Calvinists “Puritans” and the moderate Protestants of the Church of England
Puritans asserted rights of Parliament against the royalty

41. British civil war took many lives but was less destructive than the wars on the Continent
Warfare between England and Catholic Ireland was the worst

42. England in the 17th Century
In 1600, 4 – 5 million
Made debut as one of chef peoples in modern Europe
,000 Puritans went to New England and 20,000 to West India Islands
20,000 Scottish Presbyterians settled in northern Ireland pushing out the native Celts
Some Catholics went to MD

43. Church of England members went to VA during mid-century civil war
These migrations did not get much attention from the govt.
After mid-century govt. began to build an empire
NY conquered from the Dutch
Jamaica from the Spanish
PA and the Carolinas were established
12 colonies founded before 1700

44. Literature National culture was developing
William Shakespeare’s plays helped to shape the English language
John Milton’s epic poems
English classical literature reverse of French classical writing

45. Music and Architecture
Thomas Campion
Henry Purcell
Christopher Wren, architect

46. Economically
English were enterprising and affluent, 1600 far surpassed by the Dutch
Larger and more productive country than the Dutch
Coal mines
Sheep and manufacturing of woolens largest export
Main wealth was in the land, landlords not merchants were richest class

47. Traded with Russia on the White Sea,
Were in the Baltic and Mediterraneans
1600 established East India Co.

48. Background to Civil War
17th century kings clashed with Parliament
Unlike on the Continent, Parliament, in defeating the king, arrived at a workable form of government
Elsewhere triumph of representative institutions led to political dissolutions
Government remained strong and came under parliamentary control– a great movement toward liberalism & representative institutions

49. 1603 Queen Elizabeth died
James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart, inherits the crown of England as James I
James I wrote on book on royal absolutism
He believed “the divine right of kings” doctrine, kings were only responsible to God
King, as father to his people, made the best choices for their welfare

50. James read to Parliament about royal rights
Always needed money, could not live within his budget