1. Wireless and mobile computing
GPRS,EDGE,HSPA,HSPA+, LTE
Wireless Application Protocol (wap)
Lecture-3
Instructor : Mazhar Hussain

2. Introduction
Based on network connectivity (like GSM, GPRS, EDGE, 3G, etc.) how you choose your smartphone? Do you go for the fastest possible mobile network connectivity that your budget for purchasing smartphones can have? Or, you choose best smartphone among all the available smartphones who support your current mobile connectivity services?

3. Introduction
Many smartphone users choose first way to select a smartphone while many others go for the second option. But, do you know the real differences among these data connectivity options? The higher the data connectivity support doesn’t mean that you’ll have only advantages for connectivity options, these also have many disadvantages too.
To aware you all with all available connectivity options, their features, advantages and disadvantages, I am representing this article in front of you. In this article, I will try to summarize all the details and specifications of the networks so that you will get to know the best way to connect to internet which will help you to choose your next smartphone more wisely.

4. GSM  Mobile Network
GSM (Global system for mobile communication) is the standard by which vast number of handsets work. The connectivity is being used by over 2 billion people worldwide. It falls in 2G (second generation) mobile connectivity network. The majority of GSM Networks provide 900 MHz and 1900 MHz connectivity feature to their customers (figures can vary by country). The network use narrow band TDMA (Time- Divison Multiple Access) which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency.

5. Features of GSM Network:
Short Message Service (SMS) for text messages
Authentication & security for making phone calls more secure
More reliability
Call-forwarding
Call-waiting
Multi-party voice conferencing

6. GPRS Network
GPRS (General packet radio service) networks are used to transmit data at speed from  56 to 114 kbits/second. It is a battery-friendly way to access internet from smartphones, send/receive s and MMS. To use GPRS connectivity, you need to install GPRS settings file you receive from your network providers. Many cellphone companies (such as Nokia) provide pre-configured GPRS settings that you just need to activate at the time of making GPRS connection for certain network provider.
The network connectivity is based on most popular mobile communication technique: GSM networks. It is 2.5G mobile network connectivity.

7. Edge network
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM evolution) is enhancement to 2.5 GSM or GPRS networks so it is also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) technology. The network has been classified as “3G” standard due to the fact that it can provide speed up to kbits/second but it is typically limited to 70 – 130 kbps speed in order to conserve spectrum resources. Due to this technology, sending/receiving of large attachments and browsing complex webpages at great speed is made possible.

8. 3G Network
3G (Third generation of mobile telecommunications technology) initially came to market as a way to offer video calling support on mobile networks. However, it provides very fast internet browsing, voice calls over IP, instant messaging etc. At most of the places, 3G speed are find similar to EDGE connection speed. At the places where 3G coverage is poor, handsets constantly checks for 3G network which can have a dramatic effect on battery life. It can drain up to 50% battery on some cellphones. So, it is wise to check if you can cope with this disadvantage of 3G. At this time though 3G has good coverage and enables high- speed internet access from your phone and is fast becoming a standard for mobile connectivity.

9. HSDPA Network
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) is advancement to 3G and usually classified as 3.5G technology. The technology can provide support speed of 7.2 Mbits per second but in reality, you will get a peak speed of 3 Mbits still, it is fine for mobile TV streaming and other high-end transmission. Of course, you mobile should support this technology to use it and you should be at cell site to take advantage of this service. HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) is another side of the technology which is not mentioned by most of the mobile manufacturer but it is also important. Together the 2 technologies make HSPA (High Speed Packet Access).

10. HSPA+ Network
HSPA+ (High-Speed Packet Access) is an evolution to HSPA (i.e., HSUPA + HSDPA) technology which provides much fast speed to browse internet, downloading, uploading and sending/receiving s and instant messages. It can provide the support speed of up to 168 Mbits/s however, in reality, you’ll get a peak speed of 21 Mbits/s which is because the current 3G network architecture is not designed to handle such massive bandwidth. The idea of HSPA+ was to provide 4G connection speed to the customers without having to use new masts and radios. It support backward compatibility which means, you can use HSDPA network too at this network but in order to take advantage of higher speed, you need to upgrade to HSPA+ plans.

11. Lte network
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the first step forward true 4G technologies. However, in a way to become true 4G, download speeds of 100 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s was required to achieve pedestrian points respectively. LTE is supposed to offer download speeds of Mb/s but it is providing 8 to 50 Mb/s support speed. LTE requires brand new network technology and masts / radios. This also means that the devices that support LTE will also need to have a compatible receiver. Similar to 3G technologies, connection to LTE led to more battery usage and draining.

12. 4G
LTE is classified as 4G but it is not providing the recommended speeds but their are some technologies such as LTE-Advanced, Mobile Wimax which are achieving the goal of providing recommended speed hence, these are called True 4G (Fourth generation). At the time, this technology is not provided to be commercially available in all the countries. Some countries are using it for testing purpose. You need to check news of true 4G “especially” for your country about the availability.

13. 1G-First Generation Mobile Communication System
Data capacity: 2Kbps  Technology: Analog Wireless  Standard: AMPS  Multiplexing: FDMA  Switching type: Circuit  Service: Voice only Main Network: PSTN  Handoff supported: Horizontal  Frequency: 800 to 900MHz 

14. 2G-Second Generation Mobile Communication System
Data capacity: 10Kbps  Technology: Digital Wireless  Standard: CDMA, TDMA, GSM  Multiplexing: TDMA, CDMA  Switching type: Circuit  Service: Voice and data  Main Network: PSTN  Handoff supported: Horizontal  Frequency: 850MHz to 1900MHz(GSM) and 825MHz to 849MHz (CDMA) 

15. 2.5G
Data capacity: 200Kbps  Technology: GPRS  Standard: Supported TDMA/GSM  Multiplexing: TDMA, CDMA  Switching type: Packet Switch  Service: MMS internet  Main Network: GSM TDMA  Frequency: 850MHz to 1900MHz 

16. 2.75G
Data capacity: 473Kbps  Technology:EDGE  Standard: GSM,CDMA  Multiplexing: TDMA, CDMA  Switching type: Packet Switch  Main Network: WCDMA  Frequency: 850MHz to 1900MHz 

17. 3g
Data capacity: 384Kbps  Technology:Broadband/IP technology, FDD and TDD  Standard: CDMA,WCDMA,UMTS,CDMA2000  Multiplexing: CDMA  Switching type: Packet and Circuit Switch  Service:High speed voice, data and video Main Network: Packet Network  Handoff: Horizontal  Frequency: 1.6 to 2.5 GHz 

18. 3.5g
Data capacity: 2Mbps  Technology:GSM/3GPP  Standard: HSDPA/HSUPA  Multiplexing: CDMA  Switching type: Packet Switch  Service Type: High Speed Voice/Data/Video Main Network: GSM, TDMA  Handoff: Horizontal  Frequency: 1.6 to 2.5 GHz 

19. 3.75g
Data capacity: 30 Mbps  Standard:1XEVDO  Multiplexing: CDMA  Switching type: Packet Switch  Service: High speed internet/ Multi-media  Handoff type: Horizontal  Frequency: 1.6 to 2.5 GHz 

20. 4G-Fourth Generation Mobile Communication System
This generation of systems are totally IP based technology with capacity of 100Mbps to 1Gbps. It is used for both indoor and outdoor applications. The main function of 4G technology is to deliver high quality, high speed, high capacity, low cost services. It is mainly used for voice, multimedia and internet over IP based traffic. The technologies driving 4G growth are LTE and WiMAX. Refer difference between 3G and 4Gwireless technologies.

21. 5G-Fifth Generation Mobile Communication System
These 5th generation of systems are driven by OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB, Network LMDS and IPV6.
Following table compares 4G vs 5G technologies and mentions difference between 4G and 5G wireless technologies. It mentions basic comparison between 4G and 5G.

22. 4g vs 5g Specifications 4G 5G Full form Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation
Data Bandwidth
2Mbps to 1Gbps
1Gbps and higher as per need
Frequency Band
2 to 8 GHz
3 to 300 GHz
standards
Al access convergence including OFDMA,MC-CDMA,network-LMPS
CDMA and BDMA
technologies
unified IP, seamless integration of broadband LAN/WAN/PAN and WLAN
Unified IP, seamless integration of broadband LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN and advanced technologies based on OFDM modulation used in 5G
service
Dynamic information access, wearable devices, HD streaming, global roaming
Dynamic information access, werable devices, HD streaming, any demand of users
Multiple Access
CDMA
CDMA,BDMA
Core network
All IP network
Flatter IP network, 5G network interfacing(5G-NI)
Handoff
Horizontal and vertical
Initiation from
year-2010
year-2015

23. 6G Mobile Communication System
6G systems will have integration of 5G along with satellite network. Following are the satellite systems developed in different countries: • GPS (by USA)  • COMPASS (by China)  • Galileo (by EU)  • GLONASS (by Russia)  It supports local vocie coverage and other features.

24. 7g
The 7G network will be same as 6G. In addition 7G defines satellite functionalities in wireless mobile communication. This will provide many features and take care of all the drawbacks of previous generation of mobile wireless communication systems. The major factor here will be cost of phone call and other services. It provides seamless movement of mobile phone from one country to the other. This will be major benefits for frequent international travellers.

25. World-Wide Web Model Web Server Client Request (URL) Response
CGI,
Scripts,
Etc.
Content
Web Server
Client
Web
Browser
Request
(URL)
Response
(Content)

26. WAP Programming Model Gateway Web Server Client Request Encoded CGI,
Scripts,
Etc.
Content
Web Server
Gateway
Client
WAE
User
Agent
Request
(URL)
Encoded
Request
Encoders
And
Decoders
Response
(Content)
Encoded
Response

27. Questions/Comments?