1. The Millennium Science Initiative
Promoting Science and Technology Capacity for Development
Michael Crawford
May 14, 2004

2. Structure of Presentation
Science in Economic Development
The Knowledge and Technology Divide
Previous World Bank Experience with Support to Science and Technology
The Goals and Characteristics of the Millennium Science Initiative
The Achievements of the MSI in Chile
Uganda: The MSI in an IDA Context
Working with Partners for S&T Capacity Building

3. Differences in Physical and Human Capital do not Explain all of Growth...
Thousands of constant 1995 US dollars
Rep. of Korea
S&T Capacity part of the residual
Difference due to physical and human capital
Countries that start with similar endowment of physical and human capital (measured in average years of schooling) have been known to take very different development paths. The residual is the part of growth not explained by the factors that can be more easily quantified. The composition and dynamics of the residual are complex, but the availability of scientific and technological capacity seems to be a significant component.
Ghana

4. Global Agricultural Yields Increase Due to Science Power
Wheat Yields in Argentina and India
Agricultural productivity remained at a constant (comparatively) low level for hundreds years, before rising sharply with the application of mechanization, and then rising again, even more sharply, after the Second World War with the application of modern scientific knowledge to the processes of cultivation.
Estimates call for another doubling of food production in the next years with out extensification. This best hope for this is from new advances in S&T.
NOTES FROM SLIDE:
Science power” doubled 1950 yields in less than 50 years
Two generations have suffered less hunger and malnutrition than their predecessors despite growing world populations
Data adapted from: Pardey, Chang-Kang and Alston
Average annual yields in 1,000 Kilogram/
Hectare

5. Global Distribution of Population & GDP
By 2001, a larger percentage of the world’s population (41%) still received only 3% of the world’s income which a smaller percentage of the world’s population (now just 16% still received over 80% of the world’s income.
Source: World Bank SIMA database.

6. Global Distribution of Telephone Mainlines
Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.

7. Global Distribution of Mobile Phones
Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.

8. Global Distribution of Personal Computers
Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.

9. Internet Hosts (per 10,000 people, 2000)

10. Higher Education Enrollment Ratio (1997)

11. Global Distribution of R&D expenditures (1997)
Source: calculated based on data from the World Bank SIMA
database 2002

12. Scientific & Technological Journal Articles (x1000)
Source: World Bank SIMA database.

13. Royalty and license fees, payments & receipts
(BoP, current US$, Millions)
Source: World Bank SIMA database.

14. Agriculture Accounts for More than Half of World Bank S&T Lending
$4.8 Billion in 447 projects or components for S&T in Agriculture,
The World Bank has been involved in the promotion of science and technology capacity, mostly for specific, direct poverty-related purposes, such as for agriculture. Our lending, along with the efforts of the CGIAR, have produced a number of important success. The Bank’s agriculture promotion effort has evolved into a overall concern for Rural development, and as part of that evolution greater attention is being given to linking agricultural research to the end user, and to other forms of human development interventions.

15. Lending Volume by Region, 1992-1998
Outside of Agriculture, Most S&T Lending Has Gone to East Asia and LAC
Lending Volume by Region,

16. 1997: The Idea for the MSI
Develop S&T Capacity through support of international-level quality research;
Increase Ph.D, Master’s, Post-doc training opportunities;
Create alternatives to brain drain, incentives for brain gain
Involve researchers in “social marketing” of science in secondary schools;
Consolidate transparent, peer reviewed resource allocation for research funding;;
Valorize research relevance;
Create linkages to the private sector;

17. Competitive Grants: A Basic Feature of the MSI
Fluctuation and Fragmentation of Research Resources a Perennial Problem in Middle Income Countries;
The MSI in Chile Funded 3 “Institutes” at US$ 1 million per year for 5 years;
10 MSI “Nuclei” were funded at US$ 300,000 per year for 3 years. Nuclei grants are renewable.
Grant Selection Committee composed of top rank Chilean and International scientists;
Initial project in Chile sparked regional interest in the MSI

18. LAC Region is an Early Adopter
1998: Chile MSI Project Approved (2.5 year, $15m project/$5 million loan)
1999: Venezuela MSI Project Approved (2.5 year, $15m project/$5 million loan)
2000 Mexico adds MSI Component to an Existing S&T Infrastructure Loan;
2000 Brazil provides grants for 17 MSI Institutes with WB Support

19. Chile: Achievements of the MSI
MSI Closed in 2002:
Given highest ICR ratings in all categories:
Government increased attention to S&T and Innovation Policy as a result of the Project;
A larger, follow on program for Support to S&T Capacity approved;
S&T Institutions strengthened, international linkages improved

20. Chile MSI: Impact on the S&T System
Prior to the MSI, Chile produced 50 Ph.Ds per year domestically;
New advanced training opportunities: 28 Ph.D positions, 5 post-docs, and 6 new M.Sc.; 6 foreign graduate students supported;
Research productivity increased (publications and patents);
International collaborations up by 50%;
Monitoring, evaluation, and accountability increased;
Higher confidence in transparent, merit-based selection processes reported

21. Uganda: The MSI in an IDA Context
IDA Country with annual GDP per capita of US $300;
5% have access to electricity;
Agriculture is 40% of GDP, employs over 70% of the labor force;
Poor health and disease are the top reported cause of poverty;

22. Uganda: Progress in Key Related Areas
A decade of macro-economic stability
HIV incidence down to 6% from high of 15%
Overall policy coherence high
Commitment to reform of higher education over the past three years
Decentralization creating need for technical skills for service delivery outside central government

23. The MSI Process in Uganda: Focus on Sector-wide Coherence
Pre-university science education
Promotion of research in new universities, outside of the capital
Coherence with health, agriculture, environment policies
Building on the gains at Makerere
Not only research focused: engineering and strengthening undergraduate departments key
NETF providing critical support for a participatory diagnosis of the state of the sector

24. Expanding the MSI In Africa: Cameroon, Tanzania talks
South Asia: Bangladesh
Eastern Europe/Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Russia, and Latvia
Joining forces with capacity building efforts from the Inter-Academy Council

25. Thank You Additional information available in
The Millennium Science Initiative Status Report