1. Review: Trade

2. China’s Trade Trade Routes Silk Road from Han dynasty onward
Northern Route across Central Asia
Southern Route- westward toward the Mediterranean to Syria and southward to India
Representative Trade Goods
First silks from China; later porcelain
Woolen and linen cloth, glass, horses, ivory from other trading partners

3. China’s Trade Significance Spread Buddhism and Christianity into China
Spurred European interest in finding a water route to China to eliminate intermediaries in getting silks and other goods to European markets

4. Muslim Trade Trade Routes
On the main trade route between Asia and Europe
Indian Ocean Trade
Representative Trade Goods
Carpets, linen, brocade, ceramics, from the Abbasid Empire
Silk and porcelain from China
Rubies, silver, ebony, and dyestuffs from India
Trinkets and slaves from Byzantine Empire

5. Muslim Trade Significance Spread of Islam
Assimilating and adapting artistic styles, scientific, and intellectual achievements

6. East European Trade Routes
Waterways of Kievan Russia between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire
Representative Trade Goods
Furs, wood, amber, grain from Kievan Russia
Wine, perfume, glass, silk from the Byzantine Empire

7. Significance
Safe route away from Muslim raiders in Mediterranean and Black Sea
Heavy Byzantine influence on development of Russian religion, art, architecture
Eastern Orthodox Christianity became official religion, strengthened power of the czars

8. Trans-Saharan Trade Route
Across the Sahara between North Africa and Europe beyond to West Africa
Representative Trade Goods
Gold, ivory, slaves, and spices from below the Sahara
Salt, cloth, and metalware from the Sahara
Significance
Aided rise of African empires and kingdoms in West Africa
Spread Islam through West Africa

9. Indian Ocean Trade Routes Major route between East Africa and Asia
Made possible by the action of the monsoons, which blew north/northeast from December to February and south/southwest from April to September
Traded with China through intermediary merchants (Arab, Indian, Malayan, Indonesian) until around 1400s when direct trade began

10. Indian Ocean Representative Trade Goods
Slaves, ivory, gold, iron from Africa
Porcelain from China
Pottery from Burma
Cloth from India
Significance
Brought prosperity to East Africa through the development of trading networks into the interior of the continent

11. Indian Ocean
Set stage for the rise of African trading cities such as Sofala and Kilwa
Swahili. Mix of Arabic and Bantu languages
Brought Islam to coastal Bantu speakers

12. Major Trading Cities Southern China Economic importance
1. Guangzhou (Canton) 200s CE
Southern China
Economic importance
Trade with Roman Empire through Arab and Persian intermediaries
Trade goods included tea, silk, spices
Trade with Hindu and Islamic merchants by the 1000s
In the 1500s, the first Chinese seaport to trade with the Europeans

13. Significance: Example of a major Chinese city of this period; large population; cultural center
2. Samarkand (3000 BCE) (Middle East- Uzbekistan)
Economic importance
Major city on Silk Road
Trade goods included silk from China and from trading partners, grapes, cotton, pomegranates
Significance
Muslim city from mid 700s CE
Abbasid capital in the 800s to 900s
Center of Islamic culture

14. 3. Timbuktu 1000s
In Mali
Economic Importance
On trans-Saharan route exchanging gold from the south for salt from the desert
Other trade goods included ivory and slaves
Significance
By 1300s, a major cultural center and commercial center of the Mali Empire
In the 1400s and 1500s, a major center of the Songhay empire
Center of Islamic learning
Starting point for pilgrimages to Mecca

15. 4. Cairo- 969 CE (Egypt)
Economic importance
Commercial center between Europe, the Middle East, and Africa
Significance
Overrun by the Seljuk Turks in 1168
Became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517
Site of early Islamic University
Center of intellectual life

16. 5. Venice 800s CE (Italy)
Economic importance
Grew through trade, first with Byzantium
Made treaty with Muslims to control European trade with Arabs and Asia beyond
Major trade goods included spices and silk
Significance
Important producer of fine glass
Used Crusades to advantage by ferrying men, supplies, and arms to Holy Land

17. Trade 1450-1750 Trading companies Often government-sponsored
British East India Company, Dutch East India Company
Successful companies brought back exotic products in bulk quickly and inexpensively
Consumerism: link between the start of trading companies and the increase in purchase of goods from the “Indies” and the Americas
Coffee, tea, silk, porcelain, sugar
Capitalism: link between the start of trading companies and capitalism = economic system based on the private ownership of property and investment for profit

18. European Explorations
New inventions and knowledge about the world fostered longer/farther voyages
Europeans began to trade in the Indian Ocean, eventually overcoming Muslim domination
Trend of dominations: Portugal, Spain, England (shared with Dutch in Indian Ocean) vs. France
Competition often led to outbreak of fighting (India, Caribbean, North America)
Columbian Exchange
Major exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Western and Eastern Hemisphere
Tobacco, potatoes, corn, smallpox, coffee, sugar, rice, bananas, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, influenza
Consequences: lots of new products = better quality of life; diseases killed as much as 90% of native population

19. Expanse of European trade networks
Europeans had plugged into all major trade networks of the time and had created their own new networks
Trading cities/outposts in Africa and Asia
Regions not connected to global trade
China: not interested in European products; Europeans desire luxury items
Japan: only limited trade opportunities (Dutch only, one city, twice a year)
Russia: remained outside for a long time (Romanovs bring Russia into networks)
Ottoman Empire: not interested
Mughal: focus on maintaining control over India rather than trading with Europe