1. Grain Boundary Engineering ( Basic Knowledge ： Part 2 )
Structure-dependent Boundary Properties.
Mechanical Properties
Roles in Deformation and Fracture
Chemical Properties,
Potential Sites of Chemical Reactions
Electrical Properties　(Electron Scattering )
Magnetic Properties ( Domain Wall Motion ）
Thermal Properties
Paths for migration of atoms, vacancies.)

5. SEM-Electron Channelling Pattern (ECP)s from Grains with Different Orientations in Fe-6.%mass%Si Ribbon.

7. Recent Technique for the Characterization of
Grain Boundary Microstructure
Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM)
B. Adams, S. I. Wright and K. Kunze, Metal. Trans., 24A (1993),
FEＧ-SEM/EBSD/OIM
( Hitachi S-4200 )

8. OIM Analysis of Grain Boundary Microstructure in b-SiC Polycrystal
(a) SEM Observation
(b) Grain Orientation , Grain Boundary
Character Distribution (GBCD)
(S.Tsurekawa, T.Watanabe, H.Watanabe and T.Tamari, Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 247 (2003), 327 ~330. )

9. [100] tilt
(a)
[110] tilt
Relative Grain Boundary Energy ggb / gsl = 2cos(a/2) as a Function of Misorientation, G for Al, a) <110>-Twist, c) <100>-Tilt, and d) <100>-Twist Grain Boundary. (A. Otsuki, Trans. JIM., Suppl., 27 (1986), 789~796.)
(b)
Variations in Grain Boundary Energy for Symmetric Tilt Grain Boundaries in Al Bicrystal. ( G. Hasson, J. –Y. Boos, I. Herbeuval, M. Biscondi and C. Goux : Surface Science, 31 (1972), )

11. Effects of Grain Boundary Structure on Grain Boundary
Migration in Pb-Sn Alloy bicrystals
K. T. Aust and J. W. Rutter, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME., 215 (1959),

13. Misorientation Dependence of Grain Boundary Hardness in <100> Tilt Niobium Bicrystals.
(Y. T. Chou, B. C. Cai, A. D. Romig, Jr. and L. S. Lin, Phil. Mag. A, 47 (1983), )

14. Deformation of Grain Boundary in Bicrystal and Tricrystal
SEM Micrographs Showing (a) the Surface of Tricrystal Specimen Deformed at 1073K under 6 MPa for 200h and (b) the Enlarged View of Triple Junction. (S. Miura, T. Okada, S. Onaka and S. Hashimoto, Colloq. de Phys., C1, 51 (1990), C )
Stress-strain Curves of <100> Bicrystals having 4°, 14° and 37° Boundaries and Component Single Crystals.
(S. MIURA and Y. SAEKI, Acta Metallugica. 26 (1978), )

15. R
Interactions of Lattice Dislocations with Grain Boundaries of Different Types ; (a) a Random Boundary (Grain Boundary 1), (b) a slightly off-S13b Coincidence Boundary (Grain Boundary 2) in the Specimen Crept up to 1.3% Elongation at Tensile Stress of 5 MPa and 600K.
(H. Kokawa, T. Watanabe and S. Karashima,
J. Mater. Sci., 18 (1983), )
S13

16. Grain Boundary Sliding in <1010>Tilt Zinc Bicrystals

17. T.Watanabe、S.Kimura and S.Karashima; Phi. Mag.,49(1984), 845-864.

18. Grain Boundary Structural Transformation at High Temperatures.

19. Soap Bubble Mode of Grain Boundary Structural Transformation

21. Misorientation Dependence of Fracture Stress in Molybdenum Bicrystals with <110> Symmetric Tilt Boundaries. ( Tsurekawa, Tanaka and Yoshinaga, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 176 (1994), 341. )

22. Effects of Boundary Misorientation Angle on Fracture Stress and Strain in Bicrystal
Misorientation Dependence of Fracture Stress and Strain in <1010> Tilt and <1010> Twist Zinc Bicrystals. (T.Watanabe, S. Sima and S.Karashima : Embrittlement by liquid and solid metals, Met. Soc. AIME, (1984), )
Misorientation Dependence of Fracture Stress and Strain in Cu-Bi <110> Tilt Bicrystal. ( H. Miura, T. Yoshida, T. Sakai, M. Kato and T. Mori, J. Jpn. Inst. Metals, 57 (1993), )

23. gf = 2gs – ggb gf = 2gs – ggb + gpl
Fracture Energy gf , for Ideal Grain Boundary Fracture,
gf = 2gs – ggb
(1)
gs : Surface Energy
ggb : Grain Boundary Energy
Fracture Energy gf , for Grain Boundary Fracture involving Plastic Deformation,
gf = 2gs – ggb + gpl
(2)
gpl : Plastic Strain Energy