1. The Animal Cell

2. The Plant Cell

3. Tools of the Scientist Compound Light Microscope Dissecting Microscope
Phase-Contrast Microscope
Electron Microscope
Microdissection Instruments
Centrifuge/Ultracentrifuge
Staining
Computers
Chromatography
Electrophoresis
Spectrophotometry

4. The Compound Light Microscope
Uses 2 lenses or sets of lenses
Light passes through specimens
Magnification=Objective lens power X Ocular(eyepiece) power
Resolution: The capacity of a microscope to show two points that are close together as two separate points

5. Compound Light Microscope Vocabulary
Base
Arm
Body Tube
Stage
Stage Clips
Nosepiece
Coarse/Fine adjustment
Mirror/Light
Diaphragm
Objective Lenses
Ocular Lens

6. The Compound Light Microscope

7. The Compound Light Microscope
Body Tube
Ocular
Course
Adjustment Knob
Fine Adjustment Knob
Nosepiece
Objective Lens
Arm
Stage Clips
Stage
Disk Diaphragm
Base
Lamp

8. Dissecting Microscope
Also called a Binocular microscope
Has a relatively low magnifying power, but…….
Gives a 3-D image
Used for relatively large, opaque specimens

9. Phase Contrast Microscope
Unstained, living cells can be viewed
Makes structures not normally seen with other microscopes visible by varying the light wavelengths

10. Electron Microscopes
The best magnification of any other microscopes: 400,000X
Only dead specimens can be viewed
Specimen coated with metal, electrons are bounced off the surface
Viewed on a monitor like a TV

11. Microdissection Instruments
Used in conjunction with a microscope
Can remove/transfer large cell organelles (like the nucleus)

12. Centrifuge /Ultracentrifuge
Separates by density
Can separate cell contents into layers of different densities
Must balance tubes inside to avoid breakage

13. Staining Makes cell structures visible
Methylene Blue and Iodine both make the nucleus more visible
Iodine also highlights starch grains in plants, and makes cell walls more visible

14. Computers
As well as storing huge amounts of information, computers can plot data when connected to probes, and make graphs
Can be used as analytical tools
Are a huge part in the Human Genome Project

15. Chromatography
Separates different substances based on differences in absorption on a solid substrate (like chromatography paper)

16. Electrophoresis
Separates substances in an electric field based on their charge or their size
Protein Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Electrophoresis (in agarose gel)

17. Spectrophotometry
We can make inferences as to the makeup of a substance by analyzing what light wavelengths it absorbs