1. Chinese history 3

2. Moving away from dynasties

3. Qing Decline Internal problems: corruption, unrest, overpopulation*
External problems:
influence from Western world
trade issues
The Opium War**
The Tai Ping Rebellion***

4. Tai Ping Rebellion Economic problems lead to peasant revolt
Hong Xiuquan believed himself to be younger brother to Jesus.
Believed he was on God-given mission to destroy Qing.

5. Tai Ping Rebellion Social reforms: Women as equals
No private possessions (money, food, clothing all shared)
No alcohol, tobacco, or foot binding
Took control and established new dynasty – Heavenly Kingdom of New Peace.

6. Tai Ping Rebellion
Qing Dynasty so weak that Tai Ping Rebellion helped Nationalist Party and Communist Party get established.
1853: massacred 25,000
Civil war continued 10 years
Europe intervened to help Qing
1864: rebellion quashed
~20 million dead

7. imperialism
Imperialism: spreading a country’s power through diplomacy or military force
Spread of non-Chinese ideas and influence (Britain, US, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan)
China was losing territories to UK and Russia
Spheres of Influence: Non-Chinese areas
Exclusive trade rights
Railroad and mining rights

8. 1st Sino-Japanese War 1894 -1895 Sino= Chinese (especially old China)
China vs. Japan over Korea
Korea had been under Chinese influence
Japan won
China recognized Korea’s independence
Korea really under Japanese control until 1945

9. “One Hundred days of Reform”
Emperor was battling internal crisis
Put forth political, admin, and educational reforms
Wanted:
Western bureaucracy
New educational system
Western schools and banks
Free press
Modern weapons

10. “One Hundred days of Reform” (cont.)
Conservatives opposed
Believed “adoption of foreignism leads to disorder”
Empress Dowager (his aunt) opposed emperor
Imprisoned Emperor

11. “Open door policy”
1899
Countries were vying for control of trade interests
US Secretary of State wanted to promote equitable trade because other countries were in a frenzy to ‘mark their territory’

12. Boxer Rebellion 1900s Society of Harmonious Fists (rebels)
Had a special form of exercise (shadowboxing) they believed would protect them from bullets

13. Boxer Rebellion Motto = “destroy the foreigner”
Especially disliked Christian missionaries
Threatening Chinese traditions so they slaughtered them

14. Boxer Rebellion Killed a German envoy German emperor sent troops
Allied troops ~20,000 won fight
Demanded concessions from China and indemnity – payment for damages

15. Qing Decline Empress Dowager finally adopts some new systems
Elites are impatient
Peasants are unhappy
ED faced Revive China Society*

16. Revive China Society Believed in 3 Stage Reform: Military takeover
Prepare for democratic rule
Establish constitutional democracy
Needed to strengthen China against other countries
Wanted democracy but didn’t think China was ready.

17. “Three People’s Principles” Nationalism Democracy
Revive China Society
“Three People’s Principles”
Nationalism
Democracy
Right to pursue chosen livelihood
1905: unified radical groups and became Revolutionary Alliance (would eventually become Nationalist Party – important later)
Equality!!!!

18. Revolution of 1911 1908: ED dies and infant takes over
General was sent to disperse uprising – instead makes agreement to be rebel leader and takes over govt.
Didn’t really work:
Supported by middle class BUT not supported by peasants (majority)

19. Revolution of 1911 (cont.) General ruled like an emperor
tried to establish dynasty,
used murder and terror,
clashed with Nationalist Party
1916: General dies and warlords start civil war

21. transition Lots of investment  improve trade and economy
New food sources  increase population
Westerners:
Cons:
Dependence and exploitation
Country becomes underdeveloped
Local industry decreases
Profits don’t go to Chinese
Pros:
Modern transportation and communications
Export market
Bring China into world economy

22. Chinese communist party (ccp)
1921: founded in Shanghai
1923: CCP & NP form alliance despite differences to unify country and drive out imperialism
Took control of most of S. China
1927: NP leader dies and new leader kills thousands of CCPs in “Shanghai Massacre”
Alliance destroyed
CCP into hiding

23. Mao zedong 1893 – 1976 (Mao Tse-tung) Slightly well off peasant family
Little to no education
Worked in the fields

24. Mao zedong Joined the Revolutionary Army Became a teacher
Heard about Russian Revolution
Adopted Leninist ideas
Established Communist Party

26. Mao zedong Revolution will be driven by peasants Used guerilla tactics
“When the enemy advances, we retreat.”
“When the enemy halts and camps, we trouble them.”
When the enemy tries to avoid battle, we attack.”
When the enemy retreats, we pursue.”

27. The Long march People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
Surrounded by NP but breaks through and escapes
Travelled 6,000 miles (~24 miles a day) to last CCP base in NW China
Fighting NP and starving
1 year
90,000  9,000
Treated peasants with respect

28. NP attempts to stay in power
Believed China needed new system but people need to be educated about govt first
80% of population illiterate peasants
“New Life Movement”
Promoted Confucian ideals and rejected Western
pg606

29. 2 governments
1937: Japan invades China and army needs help, makes peace with CCP
1945: NP supported by US vs. CCP & Mao
Civil War
1949:
CCP & PLA win
Mao establishes People's Republic of China (PRC)
NP flees to Taiwan

30. Mao’s china Socialist programs
Land taken from wealthy and given to peasants
Farmland collectivized
Industry and commerce nationalized
Pros:
Increased status of women
Doubled school population and improved literacy
Increased access to health care and thus life expectancy
1957: pop = 657 million

31. Mao’s china 1958: “The Great Leap Forward”
700,000 farms converted to 26,000 communes
Communes: 30,000 people lived and worked together
Communal childcare so ½ million women worked in fields
“Hard work for a few years, happiness for a thousand.”
Bad floods and peasant unrest = decrease in food
~15 mill starve --- some estimates put the total death toll at 40 million (largest manmade famine in history) – hidden from world
1960: program dissolves

32. Mao’s china Mao wants classless society
1966: “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”
Little Red Book: Mao’s thoughts, in every building
Red Guards: revolutionary group of young people
Set to destroy ‘Four Olds’
Old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits
Destroyed temples and foreign books/music
Changed ‘red’ to ‘go’ in traffic lights
Attacked dissidents and artists

34. Mao’s china
“Reducation”: sent young intellectuals from the cities to the farms to learn manual labor (and to suppress any revolutionary ideas)

35. Cultural revolution
Mao feared ‘family loyalty’ would disrupt ‘state loyalty’ – children report on parents

37. Start at 8:12

38. change 1976: Mao dies, reformers seize power “Four Modernizations”
New policies in industry, agriculture, technology, and national defense
Had had 20 years of tech. isolation
Invited foreign investors
Sent students abroad
Increased: industrial output, per capita income, standard of living
1980’s: struggle to buy bikes
1990s: buying refrigerators and color TVs

39. Can’t criticize govt

40. protests
1980s: Western educated students return and want more freedoms
Increase in inflation and corruption
1989: student protests*

41. Tiananmen Square
1989
500-2,000 people killed by tanks

42. Cultural changes
50s & 60s: women could take part in govt & had marital rights

43. ‘mao suit’

44. One child policy
1979

46. sources
/videos/confucius-mini-biography
and-legacy-
canal/johnson-text

47. sources http://www.britannica.com/topic/Manchu
voyages.htm
#death-of-sun-yat-sen-and-the-long-march