1. Clean Technology
(PB386)
Click to edit Master title style Numfon Eaktasang, Ph.D.

2. Carbon Cycle

3. How do we remove this CO2?
Carbon sink: is a reservoir of carbon that accumulates and stores carbon for an indefinite period.
The main sinks are:
Absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans
Photosynthesis by plants and algae to turn the carbon into plant matter
Injection of CO2 emissions deep into geological subsurface
Carbon credit/Carbon offset ??

4. Emission Trading Scheme: ETS

5. Kyoto Protocol Signed in 1997; in force since 16 February 2005.
Ratified by more than 130 countries
Major non participants: USA and Australia.
Commits Annex 1 countries to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
GHG emissions may be reduced by ~ 5% below 1990 levels in
Individual, quantified emission targets for each industrialized country
GHGs: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6

6. Kyoto Protocol 3 mechanisms for financing emission reduction abroad.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Joint Implementation (JI)
International Emissions Trading (ET): Carbon trading

7. Development of Carbon Market

8. Trading is the right to pollute
In the past there has been no market to trade and enforce environmental property rights.
Carbon trading seeks to create incentives to reduce pollution.
A cap is set on the emissions allowed
The cap creates the scarcity required for the market
At the end of each year installations are required to ensure they have enough allowances to account for their installation’s actual emissions.

9. What is a Carbon Footprint?
Carbon footprint (FP): is “the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product” (UK Carbon Trust 2008).
Best estimate of full climate change impact of something
Carbon – Usually talking about CO2e (CO2-eq) not actually just carbon
Footprint – Total impact

10. Objectives To study sources and quantity of greenhouse emission
To search the solutions to reduce greenhouse gases emission
To reduce the contribution of global warming and climate change

11. Type of Carbon Footprint
Carbon footprint of human activities (individual)
Carbon footprint of products
Carbon footprint of organizations

12. Carbon Footprint of Human Activities
Transportation
Food consumption
Energy: electricity
Fuel
Average of GHGs emission = t CO2/person/year

13. Carbon Footprint of Human Activities

14. Carbon Footprint of Products
GHGs emission of product through the product life cycle
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
Calculate in terms of CO2eq

15. Carbon Footprint of Organizations
GHGs emission from activities of organizations
CO2
Solid waste management
Transportation
Electricity
Fuel

16. Scope of Carbon Footprint

17. Scope of Carbon Footprint of Organizations
Direct GHG Emission
Solid waste management (Incineration/ Open burning/Landfill)
Transportation
Wastewater treatment system
Sewage management
Scope 2
Indirect GHG Emission
- Electricity
Scope 3
Solid waste management
Services

18. Activity data = activity contributed to GHGs emission
Calculation
CO2 emission
activity data
emission factor
Activity data = activity contributed to GHGs emission
Emission factor = constant value in different activity data

19. Calculation Activity data Primary/Secondary Electricity (KWh)
Solid waste (kg, ton)
Fuel (L)
Transportation (km)
Etc.

20. Calculation Emission factor Activity Factor Solid waste (kg)
1.3 kg CO2e/kg
Sanitary landfill (kg)
kgCO2e/kg
Biogas (kg)
1.0 g CH4/kg
Composting (kg)
4 g CH4/kg
0.1 kg CO2e/kg
0.3 g N2O/kgCO2e/kg
kg CO2e/kg
Wastewater treatment (Septic system) (kg)
0.30 kg CH4/kg BOD
Fuel (L)
3.0 kg CO2e/L
Electricity (KWh)
kg CO2e/KWh

21. Emission factor

22. Global Warming Potential (g CO2-eq.)
Calculation
Global Warming Potential
GHGs
Lifetime (year)
Global Warming Potential (g CO2-eq.)
CO2 1
CH4 11 21
N2O
120
310
HFCs
2-19
140-11,700
PFCs
> 1,000
6,500-9,200
SF6
3,200
23,900

23. Calculation
Solid waste
Solid Waste
(kg)
CO2 Emission
1.3 kg CO2e/kg

24. Calculation Solid Waste (kg) CO2 Emission 0.8421 kgCO2e/kg
Disposal by Sanitary Landfill
Solid Waste
(kg)
CO2 Emission
kgCO2e/kg
Solid Waste (ton) x
Transport (km)
CO2 Emission
kg CO2e/ton-km

25. Calculation Disposal by composting Solid waste (kg) CO2 Emission
4 gCH4/kg
………gCH4
CO2 Emission 21
………gCO2e
CO2 Emission
1,000
….…kgCO2e
CO2 Emission 1

26. Calculation Disposal by composting Solid waste (kg) CO2 Emission
0.3gN2O/kg
………gN2O
CO2 Emission
310
………gCO2e
CO2 Emission
1,000
….…kgCO2e
CO2 Emission 2

27. Calculation Disposal by composting ….…kgCO2e Total CO2 Emission
From CH4
From N2O
….…kgCO2e
Total CO2 Emission
….…kgCO2e 1 2

28. Average Quantify of Wastewater (L)
Calculation
Wastewater Treatment (Septic System) 1
0.30 kg CH4/kg BOD
Average Quantify of Wastewater (L) x
BOD value (mg/L)
CO2 Emission
0.30 kg CH4/kg BOD
……kg BOD
CO2 Emission

29. Calculation Wastewater Treatment (Septic System) 21 ……kg CH4
CO2 Emission
……kg CO2e
CO2 Emission

30. Calculation Electricity Fuel 0.5610 kgCO2e/kWh Electricity (kWh)
CO2 Emission
Diesel (L)
CO2 Emission
3.0 kgCO2e/L

31. CO2 emission = Activity data x Emission factor
Example 1
Factory A,
Solid waste generation = 10,000 kg/day
Disposal method: sanitary landfill
How much of CO2 emission per day?
Sol.
CO2 emission = Activity data x Emission factor
10,000 kg
kgCO2e/kg
activity data = 10,000 kg
emission factor = kg CO2e/kg
CO2 emission = 10,000 kg x kg CO2e/kg
= 8,421 kg CO2e

32. CO2 emission = Activity data x Emission factor
Example 2
Hospital A, Wastewater treatment (Septic system) Flow rate = 500,000 L/day Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 160 mg/L How much of CO2 emission per day?
CO2 emission = Activity data x Emission factor
activity data = 500,000 L x 160 mg/L BOD
= 80 kg BOD
emission factor = 0.30 kg CH4/kg BOD
CO2 emission = 80 kg BOD x kg CH4/kg BOD
= 24 kg CH x GWP100
= 504 kg CO2e

33. Thank You !