1. DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid The Genetic Material
Introduction to DNA
And the Important history!

2. DNA Deoxyribose nucleic acid  type of nucleic acid
What is the other type of nucleic acid?
RNA
DNA function
to hold genetic code
Genetic code = genetic instructions to make proteins
DNA is found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Found in nucleoid region in prokaryotes

3. The Short History of DNA and Genetics (Part 1)
From

4. Searching for Genetic Material
Gregor Mendel (1866):
discovered that inherited traits are determined by discrete units, or 'genes,’ - passed on from the parents.
Freidrich Miescher(1868):
discovered DNA
Isolated something new from the nuclei of eukaryotic cells
Later called DNA!!!

5. Searching for Genetic Material
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910):
Worked with fruit flies
Specifically eye color of these flies!
Discovered genes are located (linked) on chromosomes

6. Searching for Genetic Material
Fredrick Griffith (1928):
Studied effects of virulent (virus-causing) bacteria vs. nonvirulent bacteria injected into mice
Used transformation:
Inserted foreign DNA and changed protein/ trait
believed that the transforming agent was an inheritance molecule.

7. Non-virulent vs. Virulent Bacteria
ROUGH: harmless
SMOOTH:
kill

8. NOT HARMFUL/BENIGN
BAD/HARMFUL

9. Griffith's Transformation Experiment
Used the Pneumococcus bacteria
Include2 types:
a virulent S strain with a Smooth coat
kills mice
a non-virulent R Rough strain
does not kill mice.
Heat destroys (kills) living cells!!!
When heated Smooth (harmful) cells (DEAD) are mixed with living Rough (benign) cells and injected into mice, the mouse dies.
WHY?

10. Searching for Genetic Material

11. Searching for Genetic Material
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, & Maclyn McCarty (1944):
Reported that “transforming agent” in Griffith's experiment was DNA.
Also used the Pneumococcus bacteria and test tubes (NOT mice)

12. The Avery, et al. Experiment
Used S (harmful) strain
Opened up the cells
Isolated
DNA, proteins and other materials SEPERATELY
Mixed R bacteria with these different materials
Only those mixed with DNA were transformed into S bacteria.
OTHER S CELL PARTS (sugar/RNA) +
R Bacteria 
S PROTEINS +
R Bacteria 
S DNA +
R Bacteria 
TEST TUBES

14. Discovering the Structure of DNA
Edwin Chargaff (1950)
Discovered a 1:1 ratio of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine in DNA samples from a variety of organisms.

15. Relative Proportions (%) of Bases in DNA
Chargaff's Rule (Data)
Relative Proportions (%) of Bases in DNA
ORGANISM A T G C
Human
30.9
29.4
19.9
19.8
Chicken
28.8
29.2
20.5
21.5
Grasshopper
29.3
20.7 
Sea Urchin
32.8
32.1
17.7
17.3
Wheat
27.3
27.1
22.7
22.8
Yeast
31.3
32.9
18.7
17.1
E. coli
24.7
23.6
26.0
25.7

16. Discovering the structure of DNA
Chargaff’s Rules
A = T
C = G
Chargaff movie and Building Blocks movie

17. Discovering the structure of DNA
Maurice Wilkins (1952)
Photographed DNA using x-ray crystallography
Worked with another scientists named Rosalind Franklin
Awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Watson and Crick

18. Linus Pauling’s TRIPLE helix
(1954)
proposed a triple helix structure for DNA
Pauling Triple Helix Model

19. Discovering the structure of DNA
Photo 51
Rosalind Franklin
(1952)
Obtained sharp X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA (Photo 51)
Watson and Crick used her data  revealed its helical shape
Watson and Crick went on to win Nobel Prize (1962) for their DNA model

20. How did PHOTO 51 reveal DNA’s helical shape?

22.  X-rays passing through a helix diffract at angles perpendicular to helix making an "X" pattern, which favors an equal diameter "helix".

23. She finally gets credit 
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, located on Green Bay Road in
North Chicago, Illinois

24. Searching for Genetic Material
Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (1952)
Confirmed DNA was genetic material
Used bacteriophages (viruses)
HYPOTHESIZED DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material

25. Searching for Genetic Material
Hershey and Chase Experiment Animation

26. Searching for Genetic Material Hershey and Chase Experiment

27. Discovering the structure of DNA
James Watson & Francis Crick (1953)
Discovered double helix structure
Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule
Watson Constructing Bair Pairs movie