1. RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE
TOPIC 7
COMMERCIAL PROPERTY INSURANCE

2. Commercial Property Insurance
When business purchase insurance, we call it COMMERCIAL INSURANCE.
When individuals purchase insurance, we call it PERSONAL INSURANCE.

3. Propery and Marine Insurance
Real Property:
property permanently attached to land. e.g buildings & fixtures.
Mobile Property:
property to be exported and covered by transportation insurance historically marine insurance.

4. Commercial Package Policy
The insurance office (ISO) designed the commercial package policy to provide insurance coverage to a broad range of profit and nonprofit organizations including manufacturing firms, schools, retailers and apartments building owners.
The CPP is preceded by DECLERATIONS and CONDITIONS applying to the entire package.  

5. covers policy cancellation assignment of the policy
Common Conditions
covers policy cancellation
assignment of the policy
other legal rights and duties
In addition:
specific declarations
conditions page

6. Perils Covered
The property component requires a causes-of-loss form to complete the contract. There are three main alternatives.
The Basic Form
The Broad Form
The Special Form

7. Perils That the Basic Form Covers
Fire
Lightning
Explosion
Windstorm or hail
Smoke
Riot or civil commotion
Aircraft or vehicles striking the property
Vandalism
Sprinkler Leakage
Sinkhole collapse
Volcanic Action

8. Fire Insurance Fire is not defined in insurance policies.
For A peril to qualify as a fire, there must be a clearly visible flame or glow and the fire must be `hostile`.

9. Fire Insurance contn’d…
A hostile fire is one that is unconfined and beyond designated boundaries.
A friendly fire is one that is deliberately ignited and remaining within desired boundaries (e.g: fireplace, boiler).
It makes no difference if a fire begins as friendly and subsequently becomes hostile or it is hostile from the beginning. If an insured is to collect for a fire loss, the proximate cause must be a hostile fire.

10. Property Insurance Rating
A fire insurance rate is the cost per hundered dollars of exposed value.
Insurers calculate the premium by multiplying the rate times the number of hundreds of dollars of value in the exposure.

11. Two Different Methods of Rating
1. Class Rating: operates combining units into a group and then charging a class rate reflecting the loss experience and expenses of the group.
Factors to be considered:
construction of the building
occupancy ( owner occupied or not)
community firefighting capability
2. Scheduled Rating analyzes each property individually and is used primarily in rating commercial building.
A rate for a standard building in the same city as the building under consideration provides the beginning of the procedure.
Rate:
Standard Building
Charges(more hazardous conditions)
Credits ( less hazardous conditions)

12. Transportation Insurance
Marine is one of the earliest forms of insurance protection.
BOTTOMRY was a transaction protecting an owner from financial loss, if his/her ship were destroyed.
If the ship is acquired by means of a loan, an interest rate was paid to a money-lender.
The money-lender, for a premium beyond the interest rate, would agree to forgive the loan if the ship were destroyed.

13. Respondentia
Respondentia : a loan secured by the goods on one's ship — compare bottomry.
The ship’s Cargo is the subject; not the ship.
A merchant, placing cargo on a ship, would take a loan using the cargo as collateral. The money lender, for a premium in addition to the regular interest charged, agreed to forgive the loan if the cargo were lost.

14. Tansportation Insurance contn’d..
Some points are considered:
similar units were exposed to similar perils
non-accidental losses are excluded from coverage
losses are definite and measurable
catastrophes were not likely

15. Types of Marine Insurance
Ocean marine insurance
Inland marine insurance

16. Ocean Marine Insurance
Types of Ocean Marine Insuranace
Cargo insurance
Hull insurance (insures the physichal damages on of vessle, machinery,etc.)
Protection or Indemnity (P&I) insurance
Freight insurance

17. Ocean Marine Rating
Unlike fire, ocean marine insurance rates are based on the judgement of the underwriter.
There are some points to be considered:
the seaworthiness of the ship
the experience and the ability of the captain and the crew
potential for loss of cargo; types of goods that are carried.
the route scheduled to be traveled and the season of the year
the coverage provided by the policy

18. Four Distinct Types of Ocean Marine Loss Exposures
The hull exposure includes the value of the ship and its equipment
(Hull insurance: relates the insurance of ships, yatches and other vessles against physichal damage)
The cargo exposure is the value of the goods being shipped.
The loss of freight is the loss of income the ship owner would have earned if the cargo delivered, rather than lost.
The liability loss exposure is the loss a ship owner would suffer.

19. Inland Marine Insurance
This insurance is essentially an American distinction. In other countries, if an insurer ( underwriter) wants to write fire insurance, marine or perhaps even life; it is a private decision.
Everything (almost) we own has been transported on a truck or train several times before its purchase.

20. Types of Inland Marine Insurance
Particular Average
General Average
Abandonment
Warehouse to warehouse
Warranties

21. Inland marine insurance contn’d..
Particular average losses are those borne by the owner of the ship or cargo due to direct damage to the property.
 General Average is the loss attributed to the owners of property where there was not necessarily a loss to their property but other property was thrown overboard to save the ship and then loss was borne proportionately by all who had property exposed to loss during the voyage.

22. Inland Marine Insurance Policies
Policies include:
Bailees customers policies
Instrumentalities of transportation policies.
Personal and commercial property floaters.

23. Bailment
In bailment, property belonging to one party (the bailor) is temporarily in the possession of a second party( the bailee), ultimate possession is to revert back to the first party.
parking a car in a public garage
leaving the clothes at cleaners
shipping goods on a truck
lending a lawnmower to a neighbor
 If not legally, but bailee morally responsible for its safe return to the bailor.

24. Annual Transit Policiy and Motor Truck Cargo Policy
Annual Transit Policy is designed to protect the interest of the shipped (bailor)
whereas,
Motor Truck Cargo Insurance: (A from of baliee`s liability coverage) is designed to protect the interest of the trucking company.

25. Instrumentalities of Transportation
It may cover a variety of different structures including, bridges, tunnel, pipelines, dams and traffic signals.

26. Floater Inland Marine Insurance
It is used to cover property that is easily and frequently moved and is generally of high value.
e.g. for personal there are articles floater to cover valuable assets such as cameras, jewelry or firs.
 For commercial property; there are scheduled floaters that covers items of significant value such as medical equipment, livestock, fine art etc.

27. Aircraft Property Insurance
This is applicable to helicopters, hot air balloons, hang gliders and space satellites.
It is parallel to ocean marine insurance that is the owners need to purchase insurance to protect hull, freight and cargo and liability exposure.