1. Basis of Photosynthesis
Law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can be changed from one form to another.
Light energy is used to create sugar, in which energy can be stored in the chemical bonds.
Green plants; some bacteria and protists
Evolved ca. 3.5 billion YA

2. Leaf cross section O2 and CO2 Waxy cuticle Xylem and phloem
(vascular bundle)
Epidermis
Pallisade layer
(Photosynthesis)
Spongy mesophyll
(storage; starch)
Mesophyll layer
Guard cell
Guard cell
Stoma (pl. stomata)
O2 and CO2

3. Chloroplast ultrastructure: 1. outer membrane 2. intermembrane space 3
Chloroplast ultrastructure: 1. outer membrane 2. intermembrane space 3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope) 4. stroma (aqueous fluid) 5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid) 6. thylakoid membrane 7. granum (stack of thylakoids) 8. thylakoid (lamella) 9. starch 10. ribosome 11. plastidial DNA 12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids)
Granum (stacks, )
Thykaloid (lamella; plates)
Stroma
DNA
Ribosomes

4. Light Reactions Light (photons) absorbed: - in Photosystem II and I
-By chlorophylls a 680 and a 700
-in the thykaloid membranes
Lumen: phosphorylation;
addition phosphates (PO43−)
PS II and I: Z Scheme

5. AKA: photosystem II and photosystem I Z – Scheme Proteins involved:
The Electron Transport Pathway from Water (H2O) to NADP+ (the Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, oxidized form).
AKA: photosystem II and photosystem I
Z – Scheme
Proteins involved:
PQ = plastoquinol
Cytochrome b6 F complex
PC = plastocyanin
Fd = ferrodixin
For an informative video watch

6. Photosystem II and I: Z scheme
P680 and P700 = Chlorophyll a that absorbs light at 680 nm and 700 nm (red)
High
P700
****
P680
**** Fd
Electron Transport Chain
4e-
PQ Cyt b Complex PC
photons
2NADP+ + 2H NADPH
Electron Transport Chain
photons
4e-
Energy level of electrons
NADP reductase
ADP + P ATP
ATP synthase
4e-
P700
P680
4 e-
low
Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction)
2H H+ + O2

7. The Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction): Occurs in stroma of chloroplast; usually in day time (C3). Light is not required
3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 5 H2O + 9 ATP →
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or PGAL) + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi  
(Pi = inorganic phosphate, or P034-
INPUTS:
ATP and NADPH from PSII and PSI
CO2 from air
a C5 sugar (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate), part of the Calvin Cycle
RuBisCo = Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase,
The Calvin Cycle must happen 6 times to produce enough PGAL (AKA 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde) to make one molecule of Glucose (C6H12O6)

8. Calvin Cycle
(C3 plants)
Carboxylation, carbon fixation
PGAL 6
glucose