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APUSH Bell Ringer #1 Wednesday 08/17/2016 – Thursday 08/18/2016
1. The first scholarly estimate of the indigenous population in North America in 1491 was made in 1910 by James Mooney, a distinguished ethnographer at the Smithsonian Institution. He concluded the number of inhabitants was: 11 million 1.15 million Less than 1 million 2. In 1966 Henry F. Dobyns calculated the population in the Western Hemisphere in 1491 to be 112 million 12 million Greater than 1 million 3. In West’s lecture / video on “Guns, Horses, and the Grass Revolution” he discusses the impact of guns, horses and grass on native American populatons in North America. In a brief paragraph discuss, in your view, which of the three had the greatest impact and why using the points of West’s lecture.
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European Explorations & Conquests In North America
The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests In North America By: Mr. Aiken FCHS Jacksonville, FL
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A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
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Motives for European Exploration
Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.
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Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
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Christofo Colon [ ]
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Columbus’ Four Voyages
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Other Voyages of Exploration
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Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c
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Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”
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The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II
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The Death of Montezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
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The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa
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Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
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The Triangular Trade & The Columbian Exchange
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The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough
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Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers
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Treasures from the Americas!
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
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Slave Ship “Middle Passage”
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“Coffin” Position Below Deck
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African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!
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European Empires in the Americas
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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves
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Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. Papal agreement.
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The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
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Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.
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5. New Patterns of World Trade
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Today’s Class Activity
Find a partner to work with for today’s assignment. Take your worksheets and follow the directions analyzing the map and chart shown. But first, let’s take a look at what the expectations are in order to complete the assignment.
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In your analysis of the map below [keying in on Mann & West’s contentions] let’s briefly discuss the patterns of exchanging commodities, peoples, diseases, and ideas around the Atlantic World that developed after European contact and how it shaped North American colonial-era societies
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In your analysis of our Columbian Exchange chart below [and again keying in on Mann & West’s contentions] let’s briefly discuss how the introduction of new plants, animals, and technologies altered the natural environment of North America and affected interactions among various groups leading into the colonial period.
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