1. New World Beginnings 33,000 BCE- 1769 CE
CHAPTER 1
New World Beginnings
33,000 BCE CE

2. Quote
“I have come to believe that this is a mighty continent which was hitherto unknown… Your Highnesses have an Other World here.”
- Christopher
Columbus, 1498
Undiscovered
territory, claiming it
for empire, no
technology, not “civil”

3. A) Planetary Perspectives
6000 yrs. ago  recorded history
500 yrs. ago  Europeans discover N.America
1607- VA founded
1492- Columbus discovers America
COLUMBUS

4. B. The Shaping of North America
World = 225 mil. yrs. old
Shifting & folded created mountains  350 mil. yrs. ago
Appalachians formed 1st, Cascades- Washington, Coastal- West Coast and Rockies (Roof of America) formed later. 10 mil. yrs ago, North America has basic shape
Great Ice Age- 2 mil. yrs ago  2 mile thick ice sheets over Europe, Asia and N.America
ICE AGE MOVIE – MUST WATCH

5. 6. Continental Divide- rivers drain separate ways
5.Melted/retreated 10,000 yrs ago. – left US like it is today  formed major rivers and lakes.
6. Continental Divide- rivers drain separate ways
Continental Divide

6. C) The First Discoverers of America
35,000 yrs ago  lowered sea level allowed land bridges, caused by Ice Age
Nomadic Asians followed game across N. America
Ice Age ended  sea level rose, left people stranded on new continent
When Europeans arrived in Americas in mil. people pop. in 2 continents. (21 mil in Mexico)

7. 5. Over 2,000 languages, different religions and cultures.
Sophisticated
civilization  Incas
(Peru), Aztecs (Mexico)
& Mayans (Central Amer.)
     - Mathematics, astronomy, agriculture
- Rituals to gods (5,000 victims)

8. D) The Earliest Americans
Sophistication of Native Americans = agriculture (corn)
5,000 BCE  developed wild grass into staple corn
1200 BCE  reached southwest
1100 CE  40,000 people in present day area east of St. Louis

9. 5. 1000 CE  beans, squash, maize (corn) in North America
       “Three-sister” farming  used each other to grow better & retain moisture - higher pop. due to farming success.
6. Iroquois created/developed political & organizational skills to form military units – 16th Century (Hiawatha)
7. Europeans believed domination – N. Americans believed in not pushing nature
– No more than 4 mil. Native Americans in NA
Iroquois

10. E) Indirect Discoverers of the New World
1000 BCE  Norse came upon northeastern shoulder (Vineland/New Foundland)
-no support from nation, left.
Europeans sought for trade or conquest in Asia, Africa and Americas (mistakenly)
Crusades invaded Muslim Holy Land
-  People acquired tastes of Asia, which created demand
Products f/ East = costly (took long to get them)
-  encouraged merchants to find quicker routes to the East

11. F) Europeans Enter Africa
1. Marco Polo – returned to Europe in 1295
       In Asia for 20 yrs.
– Portuguese mariners developed caravel & found better way home  northwesterly f/ Africa-Azores (wind carried them).
MARCO POLO
and his route

12. 3. Sahara Desert was mysterious, while northern coast was known to Mediterranean
4. European had no direct contact to sub-Saharan Africa ‘till Portuguese sailors went down west
African coast (15th Century) – 2/3 of European gold came from Africa
5. Arabs & Africans traded slaves for centuries before Portugal.
6. Slavery in Africa (b4 Euro.) led to extinct of African cultures.

13. 7. 40,000 Africa slaves sent to all sugar islands in 15th century  basis for plantation system
8. Bartholomew Dias – 1488 – sailed to tip of Africa
9. Vasco Da Gama – 1498 – reached India (around Africa).
10. Spain united  Ferdinand Aragon and Isabella of Castile married, Moors expelled, Age of Discovery led by Portugal.

14. G) Columbus Comes Upon a New World
Spain  modern nation-state, unity, wealth, power, conquest and colonization.
Renaissance influenced  optimism, print press (1450), compass, science, etc.
Oct. 12, 1492 – island sighted in Bahamas by Columbus’ crew… “Successful failure.”
Europe provided – markets, capital & technology.
Africa provided – labor (slaves)
New World provided – raw materials, metals and soil.

15. H) When Worlds Collide Two ecosystems collide  natural v. forced
Perhaps 3/5 of all cultivated crops from Americas
1493 – Christopher Columbus returned to Hispaniola with 7 ships and “Noah’s Ark”
New animals & food discovered by Europeans: Iguanas, tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, etc.
Food good for the market & population growth
Old World goods to New World: cattle, horses, sugarcane, apples, olives, beets, etc.

16. 7. Seeds brought to America: bluegrass, dandelions & daisies.
8. Germs brought: smallpox, yellow fever, & malaria.
9. Germs given to Europeans: syphilis (revenge).
yrs. of Spanish arrival  Tainos (Hispanola) from 5 mil. pop. to 200 pop.
11. Century after Columbus  90% of natives gone
TAINOS

17. I) The Spanish Conquistadors
1493- Line of Demarcation – Portugal controlled the East hemisphere
– Spain controlled the W. hemisphere
– Divided by Pope Alex VI
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – pushed Line of Demarcation 500 m to the west
Spain = dominant power in discovery in 1500’s
Balboa – 1513 – claimed Pacific Ocean (Panama) for Spain (Oceano Pacifico – peaceful seas)

18. 5. Magellan (1519) – slain later; remaining crew returned…circled the globe
& 1519 – Ponce de Leon – in Florida
7. Francisco Coronado – – discovered Grand Canyon & Colorado River
8. de Soto – discovered Mississippi River
9. Francisco Pizarro – 1532 – crushed Incas in Peru  silver & gold rush… trade w/ China, commerce & manufacturing.
10. Supplies stored in Indies for Spain… men & horses could rest b4 invading American mainland
11. Encomienda – “commend” – Indians given to people as long as they converted them to Christianity (basically slavery)

19. J) The Conquest of Mexico
1519 – Hernán Cortes – sailed f/ Cuba to Mexico
Freed enslaved Spaniard
Took Indian slave woman (Malinche –Dona Marina) who knew Mayan & Nahuatl, w/ 20,000 Indian men, marched on Tenochtitlan
Cortes burned ships to prevent soldiers f/ retreating
Gained 20,000 Indian allies to march into Tenochtitlan
Montezuma treated Cortes nicely at first, thought he was God (Quetzalcoatl…then…
c. Aztecs attacked on 6/30/1520 (noche triste)
b. Spaniards won on August 31, 1521.

20. Native pop. of Mexico – 20 mil. to 2 mil. due to disease & conquest
Cortes brought his culture, animals, religion, & laws, to Mexico  adaptable later on
- Mixed race resulted  “mestizos” = Indian + European
CORTES

21. K) The Spread of Spanish America
160,000 Spaniards w/ Indians
Universities in Mexico City,
Peru, & Lima  1551… 85 yrs
before Harvard in 1636
3. English sent Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)  1497 & 1498
a. French sent Giovanni da
Verrazano  1524 – East sea board
4. Battle of Acoma  1599 … Spanish providence of New Mexico…Santa Fe 1609

22. Jacques Cartier – went up 100 miles on St. Lawrence River
6. Spanish build fortress at St. Augustine, FL – 1565
7. Don Juan de Onate – found Santa Fe
8. Catholic Mission = central institution in New Mexico…provoked Indian uprising- Pope’s Reb. 1680
–Spaniards in TX (settlement = Alamo)
a. “Black Legend”  false concept stated that conquerors just killed, tortured Indians, stole gold & infected them w/ smallpox.

23. Chapter 1 Class Notes: - Aztecs - Incas  all settled near rivers
- Mayans  all nomadic civilizations
- IO v. CD
Aztecs
Mayans

24. Independent Origins V. Cultural Diffusion Development on own V
Independent Origins V. Cultural Diffusion Development on own V. sharing of ideas, trade, war
- 3Gs RT:
- Glory, Gold, God, Renaissance Spirit, Technology.
- SSSTC:
Subsistence, Surplus, Specialized, Trade, Civilization
- Africans trace history from mother
- Columbian exchange  disease reduced NA pop.
- Largest factor in NA deaths  disease.
- St. Augustine in FL = 1st fortress

25. Key Terms Mestizos Marco Polo Renaissance Francisco Pizarro
Canadian Shield
Mound Builders
Spanish Armada
Black Legend
Conquistadores
Aztecs
Pueblo Indians
Joint Stock Companies
Marco Polo
Francisco Pizarro
Juan Ponce de Leon
Hernando de Soto
Montezuma
Christopher Columbus
Hernan Cortes
Francisco Coronado
Treaty of Tordesillas

26. Political Treaty of Tordesillas (moved Line of Demarcation)
Political Boundaries
Empire building – Spain, Portugal, England, French
Pope’s Rebellion
Conquistadors
Native American formed groups to deal w/ Europeans – Iroquois Confederacy
Downfall of early civilization in Central and South America

27. Social Human labor (Triangle trade) Religion (Christianity), convert
Intermingling of races/culture (mestizos)
Dia de la Raza
New cities and homes
Native Americans – dying from disease
Founding of colleges

28. Economic New World discovery = new resources Global economy Trading Up
More for merchant to trade
Triangle trade
Marco Polo

29. Christopher Columbus Who: Christopher Columbus
What: Adventurer, trader,
& founder of New World
Where:
Born – Genoa, Italy
Died – Valladolid, Spain
When:

30. How:
Son of weaver and politician
No formal education, self-taught, chart maker
Married Felipa Perestrello Moniz in 1479
Shipwrecked at age 25, found way to Portugal
Merchant sailor for Portuguese fleet
Moved to Spain
Funded by King Ferdinand II & Queen Isabella
4 trips to Carib. & S. America btwn
Governor of founded lands
Brother found 1st permanent Euro. settlement in the Americas, Santo Domingo
Detained after 3rd trip b/c of bad leadership
Explored Cuba, Hispaniola, Cent. & S. America

31. Why:
Good:
   Started Age of Discovery
   Found new world
  Found new resources
Columbian Exchange (food)
  Proved that you could get East by sailing West
Colonization of Americas
Bad:
Thought he had found a direct route to India, not Americas   
Columbian Exchange (diseases)
Responsible for deaths of N.A. (direct or indirect depends on person’s opinion)