1. IV. Strategies for theory construction in nursing

2. Nursing’s Fundamental Patterns of Knowing
1. Empirics: The science of nursing
2. Ethics: The moral component of knowledge
in nursing
3. Personal knowing in nursing
4. Aesthetics: The art of nursing

3. Conceptual Themes in Nursing Theories and Frameworks
1.The nature of nursing
2.The nature of person
3.Society and environment
4.Health

4. Metatheory Level Grand Theory Level
Provides material for
Clarifies
Grand Theory Level
Guides
Refines
Middle-Range Theory Level
Directs
Test in practice
Practice Theory Level

5. Concept
Development
Concept
Revision
Statement
Development
Theory
Development
Theory
Testing
Statement
Revision
Theory
Revision
Concept
Development
Concept
Development

6. Types of Theory Fawcett & Downs, 1986
Descriptive theory- state “What is”.
Explanatory theory- explain how the parts of a phenomenon are related to one another
Predictive theory- addresses cause and effect

7. Types of Theory(con.) Chinn & Kramer, 1999
• Meta-theory: theory about the nature of theory and the processes for its development.
• Grand theory: theory that deals with broad goals and concepts representing the total range of phenomena of concern within a discipline.

8. Midrange theory: substantive theory that tends to cluster around a concept of interest to nursing; theories of pain alleviation, fatigue, or uncertainty represent theory in the midrange.
Microtheory: theory that is relatively narrow in scope or deals with a narrow range of phenomena.
◎Grounded theory: theory generated from
inductive research processes

9. Theory Formalization (I)
Fawcett & Downs, 1986
1.Concepts（Pragmatics of concept identification and classification）
2.Definitions
3.Proposition
4.Hierarchies of proposition
5.Components of Theory Analysis

10. Components of theory analysis
1.Concepts: Word or collections of words Expressing mental images of phenomenon •Pragmatics of concept identification •Pragmatics of concept classification

11. Components of theory analysis(con.)
2.Definitions: Meanings given to concepts Constitutive definition Operational definition Empirical indicator Pragmatics of definition identification and
classification

12. Components of theory analysis(con.)
3.Propositions: Statements about one or more
concepts
Non-relational proposition
Relational proposition
Hypothesis
Pragmatics of proposition identification
and classification

13. Components of theory analysis(con.)
4. Hierarchies of propositions: Arraignments of propositions according to their levels of abstraction
Inductive proposition test
Deductive proposition seat
Sign of a relationship
Pragmatics of hierarchical ordering of propositions

14. Components of theory analysis(con.)
5.Diagrams: Pictorial representation of concepts and their connections
6. Conceptual- theoretical-empirical structures: Diagrams depicting the connections between conceptual model concepts, concepts of a theory, and empirical indicators

15. Theory Formalization (II)
Chinn & Jacobc, 1987
1. Concepts
2. Definitions
3. Goals
4. Relationships
5. Structure
6. Assumptions

16. Description of the Theory
Chinn & Kramer, 1999
What is the purpose of this theory?
What are the concepts of this theory?
What are the definitions in this theory?
What relationships are in this theory?
What is the structure of this theory?
What assumptions are in this theory?
Forming a complete description

17. Conclusion

18. Ethics What is this? How does it work?
Do I know what I do? Do I do what I know?
Conceptualizing
Structuring
Opening
Centering
Empirics
Personal
Theories
Formal
Descriptions
Personal stories
Genuine Self
Scientific
competence
Therapeutic
Use of Self
Validation
Confirmation
Response
reflection
Dialogue
Justification
Moral/ethical
comportment
Transformative
Art/acts
Appreciation
Inspiration
Principles
Codes
Criticism
Work of art
Ethics
Exploring
Clarifying
Envisioning
Rehearsing
Aesthetics
Is this right? Is this responsible?
What dose this mean? How is it significant?
Peggy L. Chinn, Maeona K. Kramer(2011). Integrated theory and knowledge development in nursing.Fundamental patterns of knowing, P.13

19. Peggy L. Chinn, Maeona K. Kramer(2011)
Peggy L. Chinn, Maeona K. Kramer(2011). Integrated theory and knowledge development in nursing.Fundamental patterns of knowing, P.14-15

20. Empirics-the science of nursing
Empirics knowing according to Chinn and Kramer (1999,4) and after Carper(1978) is expressed in practice through the nurse’s scientific competence.

21. Aesthetics-the art of nursing
Both Carper (1978) and Peplau (1988) claim nursing lost sight of its art in the pursuit of its science.

22. Personal knowing
Personal knowing according to Carper (1978,18) is concerned with ‘the knowing, encountering and actualizing of the concrete, individual self.’

23. Ethical knowing
In this pattern of knowledge referred to as ethical knowing, Carper ( ) stated ‘the examination of the standards, codes and values by which we decide what is morally right should result in a greater awareness of what is involved in making moral choices and being responsible for the choices made ’