1. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
Associate professor
Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BUTE)
Energy Engineering Department
MVM Hungarian Power Companies Ltd.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

2. KYOTO PROTOCOL I.
Following the Rio Conference international climate policy has been valorised significantly.
On December in Kyoto the so-called Kyoto Protocol was adopted, which, in contrast to the Framework Convention itself, set legally binding emission targets aiming at a reduction of CO2 emissions from the industrial and transformation countries.
K.P. will become legally binding under international law only when at least 55 signatory countries have ratified the protocol.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

3. KYOTO PROTOCOL II.
The K.P. must be ratified by countries which are responsible for at least 55 % of the CO2 emission in 1990.
The industrialized countries commit not to exceed – individually or jointly – their assigned emission limits.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

4. COMMITMENT PERIOD
The commitment period (the years in which, on average the goals must be achieved), laid down in the Kyoto Protocol is five years
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

5. TARGETS
The aim is to reduce the overall emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by all the industrialized countries, by at least 5 % of the 1990 levels.
GHGs include CO2, methane, nitrogen oxides, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and some others.
All GHGs are converted into CO2 equivalents according to their effect on the climate.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

6. ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS
Nearly 95 % of the energy-related emissions is CO2, about 4 % methane; the remainder part are nitrogen oxides.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

7. EU COMMITMENT
According to the Annex B, all member states of the European Union have committed themselves to a reduction of 8 % compared to the situation in 1991.
The individual reduction commitment vary considerably among the EU member states, between -28% (for Luxembourg) and +27% (for Portugal).
Germany: -21 %
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

8. CLIMATE PROTECTION
The Kyoto Protocol declares climate protection as a core element of sustainable development.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

9. INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS
The international mechanisms are meant primarily to support economically efficient ways of climate protection.
Emission reducing projects (emission-reducing projects in developing countries);
Joint project implementation (in eastern European countries);
Emission trading.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

10. EMISSION-REDUCING PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The K.P. allows the Annex-I. countries to carry out emission-reducing projects in developing countries and to use the emission reductions.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

11. JOINT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATIONS
Another way of fulfilling the legal commitments concerning reductions on foreign territory is opened by the option of joint implementation of emissison-reducing projects.
A country in Western Europe might be credited with the emission reductions following from the emission-effective modernizing measures at outdated Eastern European power plants.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

12. EMISSION TRADING
Emission trading among industrial countries also enables a shift of commitments.
Emission rights can be purchased from the counties that keeps within the agreed emission limits and capitalizes on this situation by selling certificates instead of crediting itself beyond its obligations.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

13. Complete withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol under president Bush.
USA WITHDRAWAL
Complete withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol under president Bush.
USA insisted on full flexibility.
EU argued, that half of the reduction commitments must be fulfilled domestically.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

14. CONTINUATION AT THE HAGUE
Other questions open still after Kyoto were supposed to be resolved at the 6th Conferences of the Parties (COP-6) on November 13-24, 2000 and ended in failure.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

15. THE MAIN OBSTACLES AT THE HAGUE
The main obstacles to a common solution was disagreement about the question to what extent a reduction, or storage, of greenhouse gases through so called sinks created by land-use changes and forestry measures should be taken into account with regard to the reduction duties of the signatory parties.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

16. RESUMPTION IN BONN AND MARRAKESH
The negotiations were resumed in Bonn in July At that point the US had completely rejected the Kyoto protocol.
The EU still reached a compromise with Japan, Canada and Russia.
Developing countries receive subsidies from the EU.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

17. QUESTIONS
We are confronted with the question to what extent these tools are appropriate or sufficient to achieve the long-term objective, laid down in UNFCCC, of preventing dangerous, anthropogenic disorders of the climate system.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

18. PRESENT SITUATION
The final commitments negotiated in the Protocol are the result of last minute political compromises .
These include an 8% cut from the 1990 base year for the EU, 7% for the US, 6% for Canada and Japan, no cut for Russia, and an 8% increase for Australia. This sums to an overall cut of 5.2% below 1990 levels. Since Australia and the US did not ratify the treaty (although Australia has since done), the cut is reduced from 5.2% to about 2%.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

19. PARTICIPATION IN THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

20. THE PRESENT SITUATION I.
The final commitments negotiated in the Protocol are the result of last minute political compromises.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

21. THE PRESENT SITUATION II.
These include an 8% cut from the 1990 base year for the EU, 7% for the US, 6% for Canada and Japan, no cut for Russia, and an 8% increase for Australia.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL

22. THE PRESENT SITUATION III.
This sums to an overall cut of 5.2% below 1990 levels. Since Australia and the US did not ratify the treaty (although Australia has since done), the cut is reduced from 5.2% to about 2%.
ANDRÁS ISTVÁN FAZEKAS PhD
T08_04_KYOTO PROTOCOL