1. Chapter 12 Section 3 US History
THE NEW DEAL COALITION
Chapter 12 Section 3
US History

2. THE NEW DEAL COALITION ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM MAIN IDEA
Roosevelt was easily reelected, but the New Deal lost momentum during his second term due to his court-packing plan and a new recession

3. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
Since the Civil War African American’s had voted Republican
Lincoln’s party
In the 1930s during the Depression, African American’s began to vote Democrat
Republican’s had not done enough to help African American’s during Depression
Campaign to change votes was lead by Robert L. Vann

4. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
Movement of African American’s was part of historical political realignment New Deal triggered
1936 voters for democrats included white south, farmers, industrial workers, African Americans, ethnic minorities, women, new immigrants and progressives/intellectuals
Eleanor Roosevelt helped bring Women and African American’s to party

5. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
President appointed several African American’s to positions in his administrations
Became known as the Black Cabinet
Tried to get public works projects that included African Americans
FDR had similar policy with women
Appointed first woman to a cabinet post
Secretary of Labor “Frances Perkins”
Also appointed female diplomats and a female federal judge
But New Deal paid lower wages then men

6. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
The Election of 1936
Republican’s nominated Alfred Landon (Governor of Kansas) to run against FDR
Landon like some New Deal but thought it was time for a change, did not convince voters
Roosevelt and New Deal remained very popular
Roosevelt won election in one of the largest landslides in American history
60% of popular vote and go every state but Maine and Vermont

7. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
The Court-Packing Plan
People supported the New Deal but not the Supreme Court
1936, United states v. Butler declared AAA unconstitutional
Other cases pending for Social Security and Wagner Act (might lose New Deal programs!)
Roosevelt angry that popular New Deal programs might be ended so decided to try to change political balance of the court

8. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
To change system: any judge that severed for 10 years and did retire within 6 months after reaching age of 70, the President could appoint an additional justice to the Court
If passed, Roosevelt could appoint 6 new justices!
The “court packing plan” was Roosevelt’s first political mistake.
Congress thought President was trying to undermine Court’s independence
Split Democratic Party: South feared it would overturn segregation, African Americans worried after Roosevelt another President would pack with people opposed to civil rights
Many feared give President too much Power

9. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
Even though it was not successful, Roosevelt’s proposal of the plan made Supreme Court back down
Upheld Wagner Act in 1937 (National Labor Relations Board V. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation)
Upheld Social Security Act (Steward Machine Company v. Davis)
Mid July court-packing bill was officially killed in senate

10. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND NEW DEAL
The Recession of 1937
1937 Roosevelt reputation again hurt when unemployment began to rise again
Economy had seemed to be in full recovery, industry back to Pre-Depression levels.
Roosevelt began to balance the budget (cut WPA and PWA a lot) but at the same time first Social Security Payroll taxes removed
Between the two 2 million people were back out of work

11. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
Recession led to debate in Roosevelt’s administration
“Henry Morgenthau” Treasury Secretary favored balancing budget and cutting spending
Encourage business leaders to invest in economy
Harry Hopkins (WPA) and Harold Ickes (PWA) disagreed
More government spending using new theory called Keynesianism

12. ROOSEVELT’S SECOND TERM
Keynesianism based on theories of British economist “John Maynard Keynes”
1936 argued that gov’t should spend heavily in a recession, even if it required deficit spending, to jump start economy
According to Keynesianism Roosevelt did wrong thing when cutting back programs
Roosevelt didn’t want to continue deficit spending
Critics said this showed that public too dependent on gov’t spending
Spring 1938 Roosevelt asked Congress for 3.75 billion for WPA and PWA to again stimulate economy

13. THE NEW DEAL COALITION THE NEW DEAL ENDS MAIN IDEA
The New Deal expanded federal power over the economy and established a social safety net

14. THE NEW DEAL ENDS
Roosevelt knew that despite progress in American, many people still poor
“I see one-third of the nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished…”
The Last New Deal Reforms
Goal for 2nd term, better housing for nations poor
A lot of support from Eleanor Roosevelt (had seen poor with own eyes)
National Housing Act -> Created United States Housing Authority
500 million to subsidize loans for buildings providing low-cost housing

15. THE NEW DEAL ENDS Roosevelt also wanted to help nations tenant farmers
AAA had hurt tenant farmers by allowing land owners to get rid of them (owners paid to not farm)
Over 150,000 white and 195,000 African American’s left farming due to this
To stop trend, created Farm Security Administration
Give loans to tenants to buy farms

16. THE NEW DEAL ENDS
To help workers, last New Deal act was Fair Labor Standards Act
Abolished child labor
Limited the work week to 44 hours for most workers
Set first federal minimum wage ($0.25 per hour)
Last major piece of New Deal Legislation
Republicans won seats in congress and were able/began to block New Deal Legislation

17. THE NEW DEAL ENDS The New Deal’s Legacy
Had limited success in ending the Depression
Unemployment remained high and economic recovery not complete until after World War II
However, gave Americans strong sense of security and stability
Gave Federal gov’t new role of protecting various interests of farmers, businesses, workers, homeowners etc
Supreme court decision also gave federal government more power over economy
Allowed them to mediate between competing groups

18. THE NEW DEAL ENDS New Deal established “broker state”
Gov’t works out conflicts among different interests
Broker state has continued since the New Deal
New Deal developed new public attitude toward government
Created “safety net”: safeguards and relief programs to protect against economic disaster
End of 1930s many felt gov’ts duty maintain safety net
Critics say New Deal made gov’t too powerful
Continue to debate how much gov’t should intervene in the economy or support the disadvantaged

19. REVIEW What events weakened Roosevelt’s reputation in 1937?
What was the legacy of Roosevelt’s New Deal?
What is a broker state?
Who was Frances Perkins?
What is court-packing?