1. CH 3:  Life Is Cellular
Photo Credit: © Quest/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

2. The Discovery of the Cell
Early Microscopes
In 1665, Robert Hooke used an early compound microscope to look at a thin slice of cork, a plant material.
Cork looked like thousands of tiny, empty chambers.
Hooke called these chambers “cells.”
Cells are the basic units of life.
Anton von Leewenhoek first to perfect a simple microscope by grinding lenses.

3. The Discovery of the Cell
Hooke’s Drawing of Cork Cells
hoto Credit: © Peter Arnold, Inc.

4. The Discovery of the Cell
What is the cell theory?

5. The Discovery of the Cell
The Cell Theory
In 1838, Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells.
In 1839, Theodor Schwann stated that all animals were made of cells.
In 1855, Rudolph Virchow concluded that new cells were created only from division of existing cells.
These discoveries led to the cell theory.

6. The Discovery of the Cell
The cell theory states:
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

7. Exploring the Cell Types of Microscopes
A. Electron Microscopes
Electron microscopes reveal details 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes.
Electron microscopy can be used to visualize only nonliving, preserved cells and tissues.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. 1. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)
Exploring the Cell
1. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)
Used to study cell structures and large protein molecules
Specimens must be cut into ultra-thin slices

9. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Exploring the Cell
2. Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)
Produce three-dimensional images of cells
Specimens do not have to be cut into thin slices
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. Scanning Electron Micrograph of Neurons
Exploring the Cell
Scanning Electron Micrograph of Neurons
Photo Credit: © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake

11. B. Compound Light Microscope
Uses light to pass thru the specimen
Compound because it uses 2 lenses, eyepiece and objective lens
Magnifies up to 2000x

12. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
All cells:
are surrounded by a barrier called a cell membrane.
at some point contain DNA.

13. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cells are classified into two categories, depending on whether they contain a nucleus.
The nucleus is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA.
The nucleus controls many of the cell's activities.

14. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are cells that contain nuclei.
Prokaryotes are cells that do not contain nuclei.

15. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

16. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus.
Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
Bacteria are prokaryotes.

17. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell.

18. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells generally contain dozens of structures and internal membranes.
Many eukaryotic cells are highly specialized.
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.

19. Cell Size
All substances that enter or leave a cell must cross that cell’s surface.
Small cells can exchange substances more readily than large cells b/c small objects have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio than larger objects.

20. Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
Side Length
Surface Area
Volume
Surface Area/ Volume Ratio
1 mm
6 mm2
1 mm3
6:1
2 mm
24 mm2
8 mm3
3:1
4 mm
96 mm2
64 mm3
3:2

22. END OF SECTION