1. Ch. 10 – Cell Division and Growth
Cell Growth usually involves an organism making MORE cells.
The size a cell reaches is limited by the cell’s surface area to volume ratio. As the cell grows, its surface area doesn’t grow as quickly as its volume does (therefore, its surface area to volume ratio DECREASES as it grows in size).

2. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells
Section 10-1
Cell Size
Surface Area (length x width x 6)
Volume
(length x width x height)
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
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3. If a cell gets too big, the surface area of its membrane cannot bring oxygen and nutrients fast enough to meet the needs of its volume.
The cell will divide when it gets too big through a process called mitosis.
Cell growth can also be limited by nutrient availability and space. Cell division can be regulated by proteins called kinases.
Uncontrolled cell growth can result in cancer.

4. Figure 10–4 The Cell Cycle Section 10-2 G1 phase M phase S phase
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5. Chromosome structure before cell division.
Two identical, “sister” chromatids.
Holds sister chromatids together in the middle.

6. PROPHASE

7. METAPHASE

8. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming
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9. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming
Go to Section:

10. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming
Go to Section:

11. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming
Go to Section:

12. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming
Go to Section:

13. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming
Go to Section:

14. Cell Cycle Section 10-2 Go to Section: includes M phase (Mitosis)
Interphase
is divided into
is divided into
G1 phase
S phase
Prophase
G2 phase
Metaphase
Telophase
Anaphase
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15. link to mitosis animation
Fruit Tree Grafting
Sea Star regeneration
Link to animation review of meiosis
Link to animation of mitosis/meiosis comparison

16. Budding in Hydra

17. There are 2 types of Reproduction:
Asexual Sexual________
One parent contributes
Genetic info. to offspring
Two parents contribute
genetic info. to offspring
Offspring are identical to each other an parent
Offspring are similar to each other an parent
Mitosis is used to make offspring cells
Meiosis is used by each parent to make sex cells called gametes which fuse into a cell that grows into offspring.
Ex: plants, some animlas, protists, bacteria
Ex: animals, plants

18. MEIOSIS
Meiosis is a special type of cell division used to make sex cells called gametes.
Meiosis is used to give sex cells half the species' normal chromosome number.

19. Background Information on Chromosomes
- Humans have 46 chromosomes in each body cell.
- These 46 chromosomes are organized into 23 pairs.
These are known as homologous pairs.
- In each pair humans have, one of the
chromosomes was donated from mom's egg and
one from dad's sperm.

20. Pairs of chromosomes contain information for the same types of traits.
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes will be separated and only one will be passed to each sex cell that is made.

21. Figure 11-15 Meiosis Meiosis I Interphase I Section 11-4 Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Go to Section:

22. Figure 11-15 Meiosis Meiosis I Interphase I Section 11-4 Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Go to Section:

23. Figure 11-15 Meiosis Meiosis I Interphase I Section 11-4 Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Go to Section:

24. DNA Replication occurs during S phase.
Figure Meiosis
Section 11-4
Meiosis I
Interphase I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
DNA Replication occurs during S phase.
Chromosomes first appear in their homologous pairs
Chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell in their homologous pairs
Homolopgous chromosomes are separated to opposite ends of the cell
Go to Section:

25. Figure 11-17 Meiosis II Meiosis II Section 11-4 Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Go to Section:

26. Figure 11-17 Meiosis II Meiosis II Section 11-4 Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Go to Section:

27. Figure 11-17 Meiosis II Meiosis II Section 11-4 Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Go to Section:

28. Figure 11-17 Meiosis II Meiosis II Section 11-4 Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Go to Section:

29. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell
Figure Meiosis II
Section 11-4
Meiosis II
Telophase II/ cytokinesis
TelophaseI/ Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Meiosis II results in four daughter cells, each with half the genetic information of the parent cell.
Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell
Sister chromatids are separated to opposite ends of the cell
Homologous chromosomes have been separated
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30. Meiosis Vocabulary
Synapsis - A process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other during prophase I
Tetrad - A structure formed from "paired up" homologous chromosomes. XX

31. Diploid - A term used to describe the normal species chromosome number (for organisms with their chromosomes in pairs). The human diploid number is 46.
Haploid (n)- A term used to describe a cell with one copy of each type of chromosome.

32. There are 2 ways that meiosis introduces variety into sex cells:
1. Independent Assortment – a process where the homologous pairs of chromosomes can line up on either side of the metaphase plate.
For example:
X = mom donated
X = dad donated XX XX

33. Crossing-Over
Section 11-4
2. Crossing Over: A process where homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange chromosome parts during meiosis I.
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34. Meiosis is different in females and males:
Males Females