1. Plate Model of Nuclear Physics
From the work of
Dr. David Maker
Presented by
James Chenault

2. Nuclear Physics Quantum Mechanics The electron – universe concept
Where has all the anti-matter gone?
Proton Physics
Neutron Physics
Hydrogen Atom Physics
Nuclear Models
Helium-3 and 4
Conclusion

3. Quantum Mechanics Three levels of quantized orbitals Protonic Nuclear
Quarks, 2P 3/2
3 charged particles, one electron, two positrons
Objects
A = positron, our universe
B = the electron
C = the “other” positron
Nuclear
Shell model
Atomic
Chemistry

4. The Electron – Universe Concept
Our universe exhibits self-similarity with an electron by obeying the same set of equations an electron obeys
There is a 10^40 fractal relationship between our universe and an electron (Dirac’s work on large number coincidence)
Mandelbrot Fractals show a 10^40 fractalness as well.
Label our electron-universe as Fractal Frame 0 (FF0), this is our point of reference
Astronomers study the inside of our electron-universe
Physicists study the outside of FF-1 electron-universes
An physicist outside our universe (in FF1) would observe our universe as an electron
We designate our electron-universe as “Object A”

5. Where has all the anti-matter gone?
How 2 positrons and 1 electron make a proton
Protons contain all of the missing antimatter in the universe
Total charge = +1 = (A[+1] +B[-1] +C[+1])
Ultra-relativistic speeds cause increased mass
% C for 2 positrons provides the mass of the proton
At this velocity, the positrons create an event horizon
Time stops at the event horizon, r = rh
Protons do not decay

6. Proton Physics 2 positrons and 1 electron
2 positrons (Objects A and C)
Ultra-relativistic positrons electric fields experience Lorentz contraction and become “plate-like”, condensed into a smaller volume and hence stronger in the plane of the plate (.6 degree width inside the event horizon) (spreads normal outside the event horizon)
120 degrees apart – 2P 3/2 orbitals – explains quarks (6 orbitals, 6 quarks)
Neither of the positron electric field plate intersects the other positron electric field plate – no repulsion between positrons
Both positron electric field plates intersect the electron – attraction to each and the center electron can be considered stationary
The strong nuclear force is these electric field plates extending past the event horizon
1 electron (Object B) 1S orbital
Has spherical (isotropic) electric field (due to rotation and field spreading)
The electron provides attraction to both positrons – bound state
The electron is held in place, non-relativistic, near the center of the proton
Both positron plate fields interact with the spherical electron field
This is the attraction keeping the proton together

7. Neutron Physics 2 positrons and 2 electrons
2 positrons + 1 electon = Proton
1 electron, call it Object E
Outside the proton event horizon (r = rh)
Quantum mechanical 2P ½ orbital requires this electron to be placed above or below the proton, at the intersection of the two positron fields, which try to hold it there. The expansion of the electric fields outside the event horizon will determine the exact location.
Objects A, B, and C are always in a plane, any external electron is not in that plane. Angle ABE and CBE are right angles
A and B attract E
B repulses E

8. Neutron Physics Geometry (simple, 1st order approximations)
Electric field lines of force originate on charges
Let Ls be the number of these lines from a sphere (point)
Divided longitudinally, each degree has Ls / 360 lines
Positron plates are .6 degrees wide
Plates have Lp = Ls * 360/2/.6 = Ls * 300 increased electric field line density at just over rh
Strong nuclear is about 100 times stronger than the electromagnetic force at nuclear distances
Let A, B, C, and E be the objects in a neutron
A and C are positrons, B and E are electrons
Angle ABC = 120 degrees (2P3/2 orbital mechanics)
Angle ABE = angle CBE = 90 degrees (required for E to be in plate A and plate C simultaneously) (2P1/2 orbital mechanics?)
Triangles ABE and CBE are right triangles, 120 degrees apart, forces are not shared between them
Distance AB = D(AB) = D(CB), and D(AE) = D(CE)
Force due to BE = F(BE) = F(AE) + F(CE)
F(BE) = normal Coulomb repulsion between two electrons
F(AE) and F(CE) are ~ 100 times as strong as F(BE)
D(AE)^2 = D(AB)^2 + D(BE)^2

9. Neutron Physics
Neutrino – is to a neutron as a photon is to an atom. Neutrinos excite the energy level of object E
Why free neutrons decay
Perturbations in the position of the electron due to any nearby electric fields could cause the electron to leave two points of stability, forcing it to decay into a proton, an electron and a neutrino
Absorption of neutrinos could also provide enough energy to promote the electron to a higher orbital, again, removing it from the most stable points

10. Neutron Physics Why ‘captured’ neutrons do not decay
A neutron in a nucleus is most likely in a resonant structure with a proton. Again, resonant structures provide stability
Weak nuclear force

11. Hydrogen Atom Physics 2 positrons and 2 electrons
2 positrons + 1 electon = Proton
1 electron (Object D)
In an atomic 1S orbital
Charge balance
Simplest system

12. Nuclear Models, 2 Protons
2 protons never exist together, why?
There is no attraction between two protons. Each is tumbling (spinning) and the positron electric fields will average over time to the repulsion we observe
Both electrons repel each other

13. Nuclear Models, 2 Neutrons
2 Neutrons never exist together, why?
In addition to the reason given for the 2 proton nuclear model, the two external electrons will force each other away.

14. Nuclear Models, Deuterium
Deuterium is stable, why?
The external electron is “shared” between the neutron and the proton
Covalent bond between neutron and proton
The external electron is in a 2P ½ orbital
The neutron and proton are in superposition with each other – a new nucleon? Neutrop = Portuen ???
4 external positron field plates (30 degrees of play)
This causes attraction, superposition reinforces attraction (Resonant Structures)
Current observations cannot distinguish between the proton and the neutron in deuterium

15. Nuclear Models, Tritium
Tritium is unstable, why?
There are now 2 external electrons
2P ½ orbital requires linear arrangement
Forces proton to the center
No electron superposition (no resonant structure)
6 external positron field plates, only 15 degrees of play
The external electrons repel each other

16. Nuclear Models, He-3 He-3 is stable, why?
There is only 1 external electron,
2P ½ orbital requires linear arrangement
Forces neutron to the center
Electron superposition (resonant structure)
6 external positron field plates, only 15 degrees of play
No external electron repulsion

17. Nuclear Models, He-4 He-4 is stable, why?
There are 2 external electrons and 4 bonds, each electron has 3 potential locations, lots of resonant structures.
Hybrid orbitals?
Tetrahedron shape with multiple electric field connections between charged particles
Many resonant structures to reinforce stability
Could be considered as two deuterium nuclei each with 3 resonant structures

18. Nuclear Models, Li-5
Lithium could be considered to be a Helium nuclei with an extra deuterium nuclei added
There are several methods of adding the extra deuterium (resonant structures again?)
Beginning of a shell model

19. Conclusions
We have presented a plate model of nuclear physics to explain the interior of a proton and developed that explanation into the strong nuclear force as the strong attraction of external positron electric fields and the external electrons presented by neutrons.
We provided examples of how to apply this new model to simple nuclei.
We extended this new model to the beginnings of a shell model

20. Conclusions
Our universe electron can be considered a positron (Object A) in this model which is part of a hydrogen atom existing in Fractal Frame 1
We defined fractal frames and objects
We answered several questions
Where is all the anti-matter?
Why do protons never decay?
Why do free neutrons decay?
Why are Deuterium and He-3 stable?
Why is Tritium unstable?
Why are 2 proton and 2 neutron systems not stable?