1. Module 36: Sexual Motivation
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2. Alfred Kinsey (1894 – 1956)
American biologist who founded the Institute for Sex Research.
Conducted sex research by interviewing people about their sexual habits confidentially.
He not only interviewed people, he observed and participated!
Controversy over pedophilia!

3. Alfred Kinsey
He authored several books, but his best known were “Sexual Behavior in the Human Male” and “Sexual Behavior in the Human Female”.
He was married and had 4 kids, but was also bisexual, sleeping with other men including his student, Clyde Martin.
Kinsey (1994) – Film about him!

4. Sexual Motivation
Sex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values.
Kinsey found that there was a wide variation in sexual behavior and that our own sexual interests are probably “normal”.

5. The Sexual Response Cycle
Sexual Response Cycle: the four stages of sexual responding.
Excitement: phase when genitals become filled with blood and we secrete lubricants.
Plateau: Excitement peaks and both men and women near climax.

6. The Sexual Response Cycle
Orgasm: When sexual climax is reached. Semen is released from a man’s penis and women’s uterus lines up to receive the sperm.
Resolution: When body returns to unaroused state.

7. The Sexual Response Cycle
Refractory Period: the time after orgasm where you are incapable of another orgasm. Occurs during Resolution phase.
Refractory period in men may be a few minutes to a few days.
Women’s refractory period is much shorter (during resolution or moments after resolution).

8. The Sexual Response Cycle

9. The Sexual Response Cycle
Sexual Disorders: The inability to complete the sexual response cycle to orgasm.
Men: premature ejaculation (early orgasm) and erectile dysfunction (unable to maintain an erection).
Women: orgasmic disorder (difficulty achieving orgasm).
Usually treated behaviorally!
Also with Viagra!

10. Sex Hormones
Estrogen: a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.
Females become more sexually receptive when estrogen peaks at ovulation.

11. Sex Hormones
Testosterone: the most important of the male sex hormones.
Both men and women have testosterone, but more in men.
It is responsible for growth of male sex organs and male sex characteristics during puberty.

12. The Psychology of Sex
Both men and women become aroused when they see, hear, or read erotic material.
Repeated exposure leads to habituation (lessening of arousal).
This use to cause arousal.

13. The Psychology of Sex
Reading or watching erotica can create expectations that few can fulfill.
Sex is in our dreams and it sometimes it leads to orgasm (nocturnal emissions) in men.
95% of people have sex fantasies.
Men have it more often!
Fantasies do not lead to problems.

14. Adolescent Sexuality In US: 50% of HS students report having had sex.
In Canada: 42% of 16 yr olds report having had sex.
In Western Europe: Sex rates are higher than in the US and Canada.
Increase in sex rates lead to increase in teen pregnancies.

15. Adolescent Sexuality
Sexually Transmitted Infections or Diseases (STIs or STDs):
2/3 occur in those under 25.
Teen girls are especially vulnerable
Condoms do not protect against certain STIs, like HPV (can lead to genital cancer), but is effective against HIV.

16. Sexual Orientation
Sexual Orientation: Our sexual attraction toward members of our own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual).
All cultures at all times have been predominantly heterosexual.
Homosexuals report same-sex attraction near puberty.
Identify as gay or lesbian around 20.

17. Sexual Orientation
About 3-4% of men are gay and % of women are lesbian.
Gays and lesbians suffer higher rates of depression and risk of suicide.
Up until 1973, the APA considered homosexuality a mental illness.
World Health Organization also changed it in 1993.

18. Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation is widely considered something that isn’t chosen nor can it be changed.
We do not know what environmental factors contribute to homosexuality, if there are any.
There may be genetic evidence of homosexuality. (Twin studies)

19. The Need to Belong
Humans are “social animals”. We have a deep need to belong.
We need to affiliate (feel connected to a group).
We act to increase social acceptance and to maintain relationships.

20. The Need to Belong Ostracism: social exclusion.
Use ostracism to control social behavior. (time-out, prison, etc.)
Ostracism results in depression, stress, and anti-social behavior.
Those who are secure in their relationships with family and friends are healthier.